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282 PART 3 REVOLUTION AND REPUBLICAN CULTURE, 1754%u20131800far-reaching. It limited state power; bolstered vested property rights; and, by protecting out-of-state investors, promoted the development of economic interests on a national scale.The Court extended its defense of vested property rights in Dartmouth College v. Woodward (1819). Dartmouth College was a private institution created by a royal charter issued by King George III. In 1816, New Hampshire%u2019s Republican legislature enacted a statute converting the school into a public university. The Dartmouth trustees opposed the legislation and hired Daniel Webster to plead their case. A renowned constitutional lawyer and a leading Federalist, Webster cited the Court%u2019s decision in Fletcher v. Peck and argued that the royal charter was an unalterable contract. The Marshall Court agreed and upheld Dartmouth%u2019s claims.The Diplomacy of John Quincy Adams Even as John Marshall incorporated important Federalist principles into the American legal system, voting citizens and political leaders embraced the outlook of the Republican Party. The political career of John Quincy Adams was a case in point. Although he was the son of Federalist president John Adams, John Quincy Adams had joined the Republican Party before the War of 1812. He came to national attention for his role in negotiating the Treaty of Ghent, which ended the war.Adams then served brilliantly as secretary of state for two terms under James Monroe (1817%u20131825). Ignoring Republican antagonism toward Great Britain, in 1817 Adams negotiated the Rush-Bagot Treaty, which limited American and British naval forces on the Great Lakes. In 1818, he concluded another agreement with Britain setting the forty-ninth parallel as the border between Canada and the lands of the Louisiana Purchase. Then, in the Adams-On%u00eds Treaty of 1819, Adams persuaded Spain to cede the Florida Territory to the United States (Map 7.5). In return, the American government accepted Spain%u2019s claim to Texas and agreed to a compromise on the western boundary for the state of Louisiana, which had entered the Union in 1812.Finally, Adams persuaded President Monroe to declare American national policy with respect to the Western Hemisphere. At Adams%u2019s behest, Monroe warned Spain and other European powers to keep their hands off the newly independent republics in Latin America. The American continents were not %u201csubject for further colonization,%u201d the president declared in 1823%u2014a policy that thirty years later became known as the Monroe Doctrine. In return, Monroe pledged that the United States would not %u201cinterfere in the internal concerns%u201d of European nations. Thanks to John Quincy Adams, the United States had successfully asserted its diplomatic leadership in the Western Hemisphere and won international acceptance of its northern and western boundaries.The appearance of political consensus after two decades of bitter party conflict prompted observers to dub James Monroe%u2019s presidency (1817%u20131825) the %u201cEra of Good Feeling.%u201d This harmony was real but transitory. The Republican Party was now split between the National faction, led by Clay and Adams, and the Jeffersonian faction, soon to be led by Martin Van Buren and Andrew Jackson. The two groups differed sharply over federal support for roads and canals and many other issues. As the aging Jefferson himself complained, %u201cYou see so many of these new [National] republicans maintaining in Congress the rankest doctrines of the old federalists.%u201d This division in the Republican Party would soon produce the Second Party System, in which national-minded Whigs and state-focused Democrats would confront each other. By the early 1820s, one cycle of American politics and economic debate had ended, and another was about to begin.skills & processesARGUMENTATIONWhy do historians think the decisions of the Marshall Court constitute a Federalist legacy?skills & processesDEVELOPMENTS AND PROCESSESHow did the foreign policy initiatives of John Quincy Adams expand control over North America and support an independent global presence for the United States?Adams-On%u00eds TreatyAn 1819 treaty in which John Quincy Adams persuaded Spain to cede the Florida Territory to the United States. In return, the American government accepted Spain%u2019s claim to Texas and agreed to a compromise on the western boundary for the state of Louisiana.Monroe DoctrineThe 1823 declaration by President James Monroe that the Western Hemisphere was closed to any further colonization or interference by European powers. In exchange, Monroe pledged that the United States would not become involved in European struggles.%u00a9 Bedford, Freeman & Worth Publishers. For review purposes only. Do not distribute.