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TIMELINE

1784–1789 Sham Indian treaties open the Ohio country to settlement: Fort Stanwix (1784), Fort McIntosh (1785), Fort Finney (1786),
and Fort Harmar (1789)
1789 Judiciary Act establishes federal courts
1790 Hamilton’s public credit system approved

1790–1791 Western Confederacy defeats U.S. armies
1791 – Bill of Rights ratified
– Bank of the United States chartered
1793 War between Britain and France
1794 – Whiskey Rebellion
– Battle of Fallen Timbers
1795 – Jay’s Treaty with Great Britain
– Pinckney’s Treaty with Spain
– Treaty of Greenville accepts Indian land rights
1798 – XYZ Affair
– Alien, Sedition, and Naturalization Acts
– Virginia and Kentucky Resolutions
1800 Jefferson elected president
1801–1812 Gallatin reduces national debt
1803 – Louisiana Purchase
– Marbury v. Madison asserts judicial review
1804–1806 Lewis and Clark explore West
1807 Embargo Act cripples American shipping
1809 Tecumseh and Tenskwatawa revive Western Confederacy
1812–1815 War of 1812
1817–1825 Era of Good Feeling
1819 – Adams-Onís Treaty
– McCulloch v. Maryland

1780 1790 1800 1810 1820 1830

THE POLITICAL CRISIS OF THE 1790S

What were the most important differences between Federalists and
Republicans in the 1790s?

EXAM TIP The final decade of the eighteenth century brought fresh challenges for American
Identifying the ways that Washington politics. The Federalists split into two factions over financial policy and the French
and Adams put the Constitution into Revolution, and their leaders, Alexander Hamilton and Thomas Jefferson, offered
practice is essential to success on the contrasting visions of the future. Would the United States remain an agricultural
®
AP Exam. nation governed by local officials, as Jefferson hoped? Or would Hamilton’s vision
of a strong national government and an economy based on manufacturing become
reality?

The Federalists Implement the Constitution
The Constitution expanded the dimensions of political life by allowing voters to
choose national leaders as well as local and state officials. The Federalists swept the
election of 1788, winning forty-four seats in the House of Representatives; only eight
Antifederalists won election. As expected, members of the electoral college chose
George Washington as president. John Adams received the second-highest number of
electoral votes and became vice president.
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