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CHAPTER 7 Hammering Out a Federal Republic, 1787–1820 231

B RITIS H CAN AD A
GROS VENTRE ME.
(MASS.)
L. Superior
Columbia R. CROW VT.
OREGON N.H. MASS.
(Claimed by Britain, Spain, SAUK L. Huron L. Ontario
and the United States) CHEYENNE FOX L. Michigan N.Y.
Snake R. SANTEE Missouri R. KICKAPOO WINNEBAGO POTAWATOMI R.I.
SIOUX IOWA L. Erie PA. CONN.
LOUISIANA PURCHASE N.J.
INDIANA ERIE
MISSOURI TERRITORY OHIO MD. DEL.
ARAPAHO ILLINOIS MIAMI
San Francisco N KANSA VA. N
ALTA E St. Louis Ohio R.
CALIFORNIA W Colorado R. KY. E
San Luis Obispo OSAGE SHAWNEE N.C. W
Taos KIOWA YUCHI
Santa Barbara Santa Fe Arkansas R. Mississippi R. TENN. CHEROKEE S
Los Angeles CHICKASAW S.C.
PACIFIC San Diego S Red R. MISSISSIPPI GA. CREEK ATLANTIC
TERRITORY
OCEAN P WICHITA CHOCTAW OCEAN
El Paso Nacogdoches NATCHEZ
A
Population Density, 1800 I TEXAS S PA N I S H TIMUCUA
U.S. nationals per sq. mile N
Under 2 18 to 45 Rio Grande San Antonio New Orleans F L O R I DA
2 to 18 Over 45 Chihuahua
COAHUILA
Explorers’ Routes Gulf of Mexico SEMINOLE
Lewis and Clark, 1804–1806
Pike, 1805–1806
Pike, 1806–1807 0 250 500 miles
Forts Missions 0 250 500 kilometers CUBA

MAP 7.3 U.S. Population Density in 1803 and the Louisiana Purchase
When the United States purchased Louisiana from France in 1803, much of the land to its east — the vast territory between
the Appalachian Mountains and the Mississippi River — remained in Indian hands. The equally vast lands beyond the
Mississippi were virtually unknown to Anglo-Americans, even after the epic explorations of Meriwether Lewis and William
Clark and of Captain Zebulon Pike Jr., who led an exploratory expedition to the south of Lewis and Clark’s route beginning
in the summer of 1806. (Pike’s party lost its way and unintentionally ventured far into New Spain.) Still, President Jefferson
predicted quite accurately that the huge Mississippi River Valley “from its fertility . . . will ere long yield half of our whole
produce, and contain half of our whole population.”

asked for guns so they could defend themselves from other armed tribes. In 1806,
Lewis and Clark capped off their pathbreaking expedition by providing Jefferson
with the first maps of the immense wilderness and a detailed account of its natural
resources and inhabitants (Map 7.3). Their report prompted some Americans to envi-
sion a nation that would span the continent.

THE WAR OF 1812 AND THE TRANSFORMATION
OF POLITICS

What elements of Federalist political philosophy survived the end of the First
Party System?
The Napoleonic Wars that ravaged Europe after 1802 brought new attacks on Amer- EXAM TIP
ican merchant ships. American leaders struggled desperately to protect the nation’s Trace the events that resulted in the
commerce while avoiding war. When this effort finally failed, it sparked dramatic War of 1812 against Great Britain
political changes that destroyed the Federalist Party and split the Republicans into despite America’s proclaimed
neutrality in European affairs.
National and Jeffersonian factions.
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08_edwardsAPHS10e_28115_ch07_210_243_3pp.indd 231 15/09/20 8:56 PM