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1865–1877
1890
1860 Opportunities and Limits outside the South 347
N.H. N.H.
WASH. TERR. MINN. VT. ME. WASH. MONT. N. DAK. MINN. VT. ME.
UNORG.
ORE. TERR. N.Y. MA. ORE. N.Y. MA.
NEBRASKA WIS. MICH. S. DAK. WIS. MICH.
R.I.
R.I.
TERRITORY CONN. IDAHO WYO. CONN.
IOWA PA. N.J. IOWA PA. N.J.
UTAH OHIO MD. NEB. OHIO MD.
W.
TERRITORY ILL. IND. VA. DEL. NEV. UTAH ILL. IND. VA. VA. DEL.
KANSAS TERR. MO. KY. COLO. KANS. MO. KY.
CALIF. N.C. CALIF. N.C.
NEW MEXICO INDIAN TENN. S.C. D.C. ARIZ. N. OKLA. ARK. TENN. S.C. D.C.
TERR. ARK.
TERRITORY ALA. GA. MEX. ALA. GA.
MISS. MISS.
TEX. LA. TEX. LA.
FLA. FLA.
Black population
0–499 10,000–49,999 No data
500–999 50,000–99,999
1,000–4,999 100,000–499,999
5,000–9,999 500,000 and over
MAP 9.2 African American Population Distribution, 1860 and 1890
WHI_02133_08_M02 African American Population Distribution, 1860 and 1890
In the years following the civil War, the black population grew significantly and began to spread
Black Cyan Magenta Yellow
across the nation. Nevertheless, the vast majority of blacks remained wedded to the South. the
First Proof
states that witnessed the largest and most striking growth in their black populations from 1860
BB185 21
onward, and those with the largest total numbers of blacks in 1890, were those of the former
confederacy — the so-called black belt states of the antebellum and postbellum South — and
35p6 x 15p6
the states bordering them. ■ Outside the states of the former Confederacy, which states and
territories had the largest African American population increases in this period?
posts in the South and East, buffalo soldiers remained in the West, where the army
expected they would encounter less racial hostility. But tensions were evident between
buffalo soldiers, on one hand, and whites, Native Americans, and Latinos on the other,
particularly in Kansas and in Texas along the Mexican border. Sometimes these ten-
sions erupted into violence, as when a black soldier was lynched in Sturgis, Dakota
Territory, in 1885. In response, twenty men from the Twenty-Fifth Infantry shot up
two saloons, killing one white civilian.
A few black men became officers, but not without enduring discrimination
both within the ranks and from white officers. Henry O. Flipper is one example.
Appointed to West Point by a Reconstruction Republican from Georgia, Flipper
became the first black to graduate from the military academy in 1877. As a second
lieutenant in the Tenth Cavalry Regiment, he was often assigned to manual labor
instead of command positions. Nevertheless, he served with distinction in the
Apache War of 1880. Two years later, however, he was dismissed from the army on a
controversial charge of embezzlement. For the rest of his life, he fought to be exon-
erated and reinstated.
Other African Americans went west as families. An especially notable migra-
tion took place from Tennessee and Kentucky to Kansas, where African Americans

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