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72 CHAPTER 2 | European Society in the Renaissance 1350–1550

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Copyright © Bedford, Freeman & Worth Publishers.
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MAP 2.3 The Unification of Spain and the Expulsion of the Jews, Fifteenth Century The marriage of Ferdinand Map positioning guide
wieswest14e_12_m03_329883 Unification of Spain
Second Proof of Aragon and Isabella of Castile in 1469 brought most of the Iberian Peninsula under one monarchy, although differ- Type block map
ent parts of Spain retained distinct cultures, languages, and legal systems. In 1492 Ferdinand and Isabella conquered Bleeds top and right
Granada, where most people were Muslim, and expelled the Jews from all of Spain. Spanish Jews resettled in cities of Trim: 48p0 x 33p0
Align top map trim at top page trim
Europe and the Mediterranean that allowed them in, including Muslim states such as the Ottoman Empire. Muslims were
Position left map trim at type block
also expelled from Spain over the course of the sixteenth and early seventeenth centuries. Extra map area on bleed side will be cropped
augmented treasury, an expanding wool trade, and a bring about administrative unity, as each state maintained
Crown with its dignity and role much enhanced. its own cortes (parliament), laws, courts, and systems of
coinage and taxation until about 1700. But the two rulers
Spain pursued a common foreign policy, and under their heirs
Spain became a more unified realm.
While England and France laid the foundations of unified Ferdinand and Isabella were able to exert their
nation-states during the Middle Ages, Spain remained authority in ways similar to the rulers of France and
a conglomerate of independent kingdoms. By the mid- England. They curbed aristocratic power by excluding
dle of the fifteenth century, the kingdoms of Castile and high nobles from the royal council, which had full exec-
Aragon dominated the weaker Navarre, Portugal, and utive, judicial, and legislative powers under the monar-
Granada; and the Iberian Peninsula, with the exception chy, instead appointing lesser landowners. The council
of Granada, had been won for Christianity (Map 2.3). and various government boards recruited men trained
But even the wedding in 1469 of the dynamic and aggres- in Roman law, which exalted the power of the Crown.
sive Isabella of Castile (r. 1474–1504) and the crafty and They also secured from the Spanish Borgia pope
persistent Ferdinand of Aragon (r. 1479–1516) did not Alexander VI — Cesare Borgia’s father — the right to
appoint bishops in Spain and in the Hispanic territories
■ New Christians A term for Jews and Muslims in the Iberian in America, enabling them to establish the equivalent
Peninsula who accepted Christianity; in many cases they included of a national church. With the revenues from ecclesias-
Christians whose families had converted centuries earlier. tical estates, they were able to expand their territories to
04_howsap14e_48443_ch02_044_079.indd 72 12/10/23 1:49 PM