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PSYCHOLOGY IN EVERYDAY LIFE
Memory
processing
Automatic Effortful

Implicit memories Explicit memories
(Nondeclarative) (Declarative)
Without conscious With conscious National News/ZUMAPreSS.com/Newscom
recall recall

Processed in Processed in
cerebellum and hippocampus and
basal ganglia frontal lobes

Space, time, Motor and Classical Semantic memory Episodic memory
frequency conditioning Facts and general Personally
(where you ate cognitive skills (reaction to knowledge (this experienced events
dinner yesterday) (riding a bike) dentist’s office) chapter’s concepts) (family holidays)
FIGURE 7.8 Our two memory systems

explicit (effortful) memories. The bottom • Recall — retrieving information out
line: Learn something and you change of storage and into your conscious
your brain a little. awareness. Example: a fill- in- the-
blank question.
REtRIEVE REMEMBER • Recognition — identifying items Globe Photos/Zuma Wire
ANSWERS IN APPENDIX F you previously learned. Example:
8. Which brain area responds to stress a multiple- choice question. Remembering faces Even if Taylor Swift and
hormones by helping to create stronger • Relearning — learning something more Denzel Washington had not become famous, their
memories? quickly when you learn it a second or high school classmates would most likely still
9. Increased efficiency at the synapses is later time. Example: When you review recognize them in these photos.
evidence of the neural basis of learning and the first weeks of course work to
memory. This is called -
. prepare for your final exam, it will be
easier to relearn the material than it
was to learn it originally.
Retrieval: Getting your high school classmates, you may
Long after you cannot recall most of
Information Out still be able to recognize their yearbook
pictures and spot their names in a list
of names. One research team found that
emembering an event requires more people who had graduated 25 years ear-
Rthan getting information into our lier could not recall many of their old
brain and storing it there. To use that classmates, but they could recognize
information, we must retrieve it. How do 90 percent of their pictures and names
psychologists test whether learning has (Bahrick et al., 1975).
been retained over time? What triggers Our recognition memory is quick
retrieval? and vast. “Is your friend wearing a new
or old outfit?” Old. “Have you read this A. Jennifer Morton/University of Cambridge
MEASURING RETENTION textbook material before?” No. Before

LOQ 7-14 How do psychologists our mouth can form an answer to any
use tests of recall, recognition, and of millions of such questions, our mind
relearning to assess our memory? knows, and knows that it knows. And
it’s not just humans who have shown FIGURE 7.9 Other animals also display
Memory is learning that persists over remarkable memory for faces. Sheep face smarts After food rewards are repeatedly
associated with some sheep and human faces, but
time. Three types of evidence indicate remember faces, too (FIGURE 7.9). And not with others, sheep remember food- associated
whether something has been learned so has at least one fish species — as faces for two years (Kendrick & Feng, 2011; Knolle
and retained: demonstrated by their spitting water at et al., 2017).

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