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CHAPTER 7 Hammering Out a Federal Republic, 1787%u20131820 261French revolutionary slogan %u201cLiberty, Equality, Fraternity!%u201d To deter popular rebellion and uphold national authority, President Washington raised a militia force of 12,000 troops and dispersed the Whiskey Rebels.Jay%u2019s Treaty Britain%u2019s maritime strategy intensified political divisions in America. Beginning in late 1793, the British navy seized 250 American ships carrying French sugar and other goods. Hoping to protect merchant property through diplomacy, Washington dispatched John Jay to Britain. But Jay returned with a controversial treaty that ignored the American claim that %u201cfree ships make free goods%u201d and accepted Britain%u2019s right to stop neutral ships. The treaty also required the U.S. government to Visual ActivityThe Whiskey Rebellion, 1794 This painting shows George Washington reviewing the militia forces raised by New Jersey, Pennsylvania, Maryland, and Virginia to march against the Whiskey Rebels in western Pennsylvania. Washington, astride a white horse, dominates the scene; subordinate army officers, including Daniel Morgan and %u201cLight-Horse%u201d Harry Lee, accompany him as he greets an officer of one of the militia units. The painting expresses a Federalist vision of hierarchy (in the form of officers on horseback) and order (represented by the ranks of troops). The reality was messier: militias were called up from four states, but when volunteers were too few the states resorted to a draft, which prompted protests and riots. In the end, the militia force of more than 12,000 men was larger than the Continental army had been through much of the Revolution. Upon its approach, the rebellion evaporated. Twenty-four men were indicted for treason; two were sentenced to hang, but Washington pardoned them to encourage peaceful reconciliation. GRANGER - Historical Picture Archive. READING THE IMAGE: This painting, attributed to James Peale, shows both the strength and the diversity of America%u2019s militia forces, but it masks the difficulties involved in raising men to march against their fellow American citizens. What conclusion can be drawn about the point of view of the artist? What was the artist%u2019s purpose in portraying Washington and the militia in this way? How might this image have been influenced by other developments in Washington%u2019s administration? MAKING CONNECTIONS: At the same time that Washington was raising a militia force to suppress the rebels in western Pennsylvania, U.S. Army troops under the command of General Anthony Wayne were marching against the Western Confederacy of Native Americans in the Ohio country (see %u201cSham Treaties and Native American Lands%u201d). Why would the Washington administration use federal troops to displace Native Americans from their Ohio lands, but rely on state militias to suppress the rebellion in western Pennsylvania?%u00a9 Bedford, Freeman & Worth Publishers. For review purposes only. Do not distribute.