Page 63 - Demo

CHAPTER 7 Hammering Out a Federal Republic, 1787%u20131820 265Meanwhile, John Adams reevaluated his foreign policy. Rejecting Hamilton%u2019s advice to declare war against France (and benefit from the wave of patriotism that would likely follow), Adams put country ahead of party and used diplomacy to end the maritime conflict.The %u201cRevolution of 1800%u201d The campaign of 1800 was a bitter, no-holds-barred contest. The Federalists launched personal attacks on Jefferson, branding him an irresponsible pro-French radical and, because he opposed state support of religion in Virginia, %u201cthe arch-apostle of irreligion and free thought.%u201d Both parties changed state election laws to favor their candidates, and rumors circulated of a Federalist plot to stage a military coup.The election did not end these worries. Thanks to a surprising Republican victory in New York, low Federalist turnout in Virginia and Pennsylvania, and the three-fifths rule (which boosted electoral votes in the southern states), Jefferson won a narrow 73-to-65 victory over Adams in the electoral college. However, the Republican electors also gave 73 votes to Aaron Burr of New York, who was Jefferson%u2019s vicepresidential running mate (Map 7.1). The Constitution specified that in the case of a tie vote, the House of Representatives would choose between the candidates. For thirty-five rounds of balloting, Federalists in the House blocked Jefferson%u2019s election, prompting rumors that Virginia would raise a military force to put him into office.Ironically, arch-Federalist Alexander Hamilton ushered in a more democratic era by supporting Jefferson. Calling Burr an %u201cembryo Caesar%u201d and the %u201cmost unfit man in the United States for the office of president,%u201d Hamilton persuaded key Federalists to allow Jefferson%u2019s election. The Federalists%u2019 concern for political stability also played a role. As Senator James Bayard of Delaware explained, %u201cIt was admitted on all hands that we must risk the Constitution and a Civil War or take Mr. Jefferson.%u201dJefferson called the election the %u201cRevolution of 1800,%u201d and so it was. The bloodless transfer of power showed that popularly elected governments could be changed in an orderly way, even in times of bitter partisan conflict. In his inaugural address in 1801, Jefferson praised this achievement, declaring, %u201cWe are all Republicans, we are all Federalists.%u201dA Republican Empire is Born How were the principles of the Jeffersonian Republicans reflected in this era of dramatic growth and development?In the Treaty of Paris of 1783, Great Britain gave up its claims to the trans-Appalachian region and, according to one British diplomat, left the Native American nations %u201cto the care of their [white American] neighbours.%u201d Care was hardly the right word: many white Americans wanted to destroy Native communities. %u201cCut up every Indian Cornfield and burn every Indian town,%u201d proclaimed Congressman William Henry Drayton of South Carolina, so that their %u201cnation be extirpated and the lands become the property of the public.%u201d Other leaders, including Henry Knox, Washington%u2019s first secretary of war, favored assimilating Native peoples into EuroAmerican society. Knox proposed that lands held in common by Indigenous nations CandidateElectoral Vote7168 Thomas Jefferson(DemocraticRepublican)John Adams(Federalist) 4811341121620 17 37946 41144NORTHWESTTERRITORYTERR.SOUTHOF THEOHIO RIVERFLORIDASPANISH TERRITORYPresidential electionsquickly became a centralfocus of American politicallife. Political leaders usedmental maps to envisionthose areas likely to supportvarious candidates and tomap their election strategiesaccordingly.Presidential election maps usually show the strength of each state in theelectoral college. The number of electoral votes cast by a state is the sumof the number of its senators (two) and its representatives in the U.S.Congress. States gain or lose representatives depending on theirpopulation, as determined each decade by the U.S. census. Consequently,the number of a state%u2019s electoral votes may change over time.1796CandidateElectoral Vote737365641Thomas Jefferson(DemocraticRepublican)Aaron Burr(DemocraticRepublican)John Adams(Federalist)C. C. Pinckney(Federalist)John Jay(Federalist)488 34812215 37946 16 4475NORTHWESTTERR. INDIANATERR.MISSISSIPPITERRITORY1800States may cast their electoral votes either by district (as, for example,in North Carolina) or as a single statewide total. When ThomasJefferson and Aaron Burr both received 73 electoral votes, the House ofRepresentatives decided which one would be president.FLORIDASPANISH TERRITORYamerhistoryHS11e_07_m01The Presidential Elections of 1796 and 180017p3 x 39p32nd Proof05/02/24MAP 7.1 The Presidential Elections of 1796 and 1800 Both elections pitted Federalist John Adams of Massachusetts against Democratic-Republican Thomas Jefferson of Virginia, and both saw voters split along regional lines. Adams carried every New England state and, reflecting Federalist strength in maritime and commercial areas, the eastern districts of the Middle Atlantic states; Jefferson won most of the agricultural-based states of the South and West (Kentucky and Tennessee). New York was the pivotal swing state. It gave its 12 electoral votes to Adams in 1796 and, thanks to the presence of Aaron Burr on the Republican ticket, bestowed them on Jefferson in 1800.skills & processesCONTEXTUALIZATIONWhy did Jefferson consider his election in 1800 to be revolutionary?%u00a9 Bedford, Freeman & Worth Publishers. For review purposes only. Do not distribute.