Page 22 - 2021-bfw-henretta-10e

224 PART 3 REVOLUTION AND REPUBLICAN CULTURE, 1754–1800

EXAM TIP Delawares, Ottawas, Wyandots, and Shawnees to cede most of the future state of
As you read through this section, Ohio. The tribes quickly repudiated the agreements, justifiably claiming they were
compare the relationship between made under duress. Recognizing the failure of these agreements, American nego-
the new U.S. government and natives tiators arranged for a comprehensive agreement at Fort Harmar (1789), but many
to earlier periods of interaction Indian leaders refused to attend and it, too, was repudiated. To defend their lands,
between Europeans and Natives. these tribes joined with the Miami and Potawatomi Indians to form the Western Con-
federacy. Led by Miami chief Little Turtle, confederacy warriors crushed American
expeditionary forces sent by President Washington in 1790 and 1791.
SKILLS & PROCESSES
DEVELOPMENTS AND PROCESSES The Treaty of Greenville Fearing an alliance between the Western Confederacy and
Why did the United States go to the British in Canada, Washington doubled the size of the U.S. Army and ordered
war against western Indians so General “Mad Anthony” Wayne to lead a new expedition. In August 1794, Wayne
quickly after the Revolution?
defeated the confederacy in the Battle of Fallen Timbers (near present-day Toledo,
Ohio). However, continuing Indian resistance forced a compromise. In the Treaty
Treaty of Greenville of Greenville (1795), American negotiators acknowledged Indian ownership of the
A 1795 treaty between the United States land, and, in return for various payments, the Western Confederacy ceded most of
and various Indian tribes in Ohio. American Ohio (Map 7.2). The Indian peoples also agreed to accept American sovereignty,
negotiators acknowledged Indian ownership
of the land, and, in return for various placing themselves “under the protection of the United States, and no other Power
payments, the Western Confederacy ceded whatever.” These American advances caused Britain to agree, in Jay’s Treaty (1795), to
most of Ohio to the United States.
reduce its trade and military aid to Indians in the trans-Appalachian region.
The Greenville treaty sparked a wave of
white migration. Kentucky already had a pop-
ulation of 73,000 in 1790, and in 1792 it was
To U.S. from Britain
by Treaty of 1818 CANADA admitted to the Union as the fifteenth state
MAINE (Vermont entered a year earlier). Tennessee,
1820
L. Superior
Red River Kentucky’s neighbor to the south, was admit-
Basin VT.
Ft. Michilimackinac N.H. ted in 1796. By 1800, more than 375,000 peo-
SAUK L. Huron Ft. Stanwix ple had moved into the Ohio and Tennessee

FOX MICH. L. Ontario N.Y. MASS. valleys; in 1805, the new state of Ohio alone

DAKOTA L. Michigan 1837 Ft. Niagara CONN.
(SIOUX) KICKAPOO WINNEBAGO POTAWATOMI L. Erie R.I. had more than 100,000 residents. Thousands
Ft. Detroit
IOWA Fallen Timbers PA. N.J. N more farm families moved into the future
1794
Harmar's Defeat OHIO states of Indiana and Illinois, sparking new
Missouri R.
1790 1803 ERIE MD. E
PAWNEE Tippecanoe MIAMI St. Clair's DEL. W conflicts with Native peoples over land and
1811
Defeat
ILLINOIS IND. 1791 S
ILL. 1816 VA. hunting rights. Between 1790 and 1810, farm
1818 Ohio R. Lexington
St. Louis families settled as much land as they had
ARAPAHO KY.
MO. 1792 during the entire colonial period. The United
L
1821 SHAWNEE N.C.
OSAGE YUCHI ATLANTIC
TENN. Tennessee R. CHEROKEE States “is a country in flux,” a visiting French
O
QUAPAW 1796 S.C. OCEAN aristocrat observed in 1799, and “that which is
U
ARK. Mississippi R. CHICKASAW
I
1836 true today as regards its population, its estab-
WICHITA ALA. MISS. GA. CREEK
S
1817
1819
I
CHOCTAW Horseshoe lishments, its prices, its commerce will not be
Bend
CADDO NATCHEZ 1814 Indian Cessions true six months from now.”
A
LA. Natchez
1812 MOBILE Before 1784
N
1784–1820
TIMUCUA Assimilation Rejected To dampen further
A
New Orleans A er 1820
Battle conflicts, the U.S. government encouraged
Gulf of Mexico Fort Native Americans to assimilate into white
SEMINOLE Treaty of Paris, society. The goal, as one Kentucky Protes-
1783
0 250 500 miles Greenville Treaty, tant minister put it, was to make the Indian
1795
MEXICO 0 250 500 kilometers “a farmer, a citizen of the United States, and
a Christian.” Most Indians rejected wholesale
MAP 7.2 Indian Cessions and State Formation, 1776–1840
By virtue of the Treaty of Paris (1783) with Britain, the United States claimed sovereignty assimilation; even those who joined Chris-
over the entire trans-Appalachian west. The Western Confederacy contested this claim, tian churches retained many ancestral values
but the U.S. government upheld it with military force. By 1840, armed diplomacy had and religious beliefs. Why was assimilation so
forced most Native American peoples to move west of the Mississippi River. White settlers unappealing to most Native Americans? To
occupied their lands, formed territorial governments, and eventually entered the Union
as members of separate — and equal — states. By 1860, the trans-Appalachian region think of themselves as individuals or members
constituted an important economic and political force in American national life. of a nuclear family, as white Americans were
Copyright © Bedford, Freeman & Worth Publishers. Distributed by Bedford, Freeman & Worth Publishers.
Strictly for use with its products. Not for redistribution.
08_edwardsAPHS10e_28115_ch07_210_243_3pp.indd 224 15/09/20 8:55 PM