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MODULE 2.7 Colonial Society and Culture 125

ME. MAP 2.7 Religious Diversity
VT. (MASS.) in 1750 The appeal of
(N.Y.) N.H.
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Whitefield and other New
L. Ontario Light ministers led to
NEW YORK MASS.
increased religious diversity
by 1750. Baptist churches
L. Erie CONN. R.I. multiplied in New England,

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where Congregationalists had

long held sway. Presbyterian

PENNSYLVANIA N

and Lutheran churches
Strictly for use with its products. NOT FOR REDISTRIBUTION.

N.J. W E emerged in the South where

MD. S the Church of England was

DEL. the official church. Other

ATLANTIC OCEAN houses of worship, such
as Quaker meeting houses
VIRGINIA and Jewish synagogues,
also gradually increased in
number.
Church of England
Congregational Explain two historical
NORTH Lutheran trends before 1750 that
CAROLINA Presbyterian caused the religious
Baptist diversity shown on
Roman Catholic
SOUTH Jewish this map.
CAROLINA
Reformed Churches
Dutch
German
0 100 200 miles French
GA. 0 100 200 kilometers Quaker

preaching when they sat on the back benches eagerly joined the crowds at outdoor
revivals, where they could stand as close to the pulpit as a rich merchant.
REVIEW
■ How did the ideologies that shaped both the First Great Awakening and
the Enlightenment undermine imperial authority in the British North
American colonies?
Dissent and Resistance Rise

At first, the Great Awakening drew support from large numbers of ministers from tradi-
tional churches because it increased religious enthusiasm and church attendance. The
early embrace by Old Light clergy diminished, however, as revivals spread farther afield,
as critiques of educated clergy became more pointed, and as worshippers left established
congregations for new churches.
As the First Great Awakening peaked in the early 1740s, ministers and other
colonial leaders increasingly feared that revivalists provided lower-class whites, free
Black people, women, and even the enslaved with compelling critiques of those in
power. A backlash developed among more settled ministers and their congregations.
Itinerant preachers traveling across the South seemed especially threatening
because they invited Blacks and whites to attend revivals together and proclaimed their
equality before God. Although New Light clergy rarely attacked slavery directly, they
implicitly challenged racial hierarchies. Revivalists also attracted African Americans

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