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MODULE 2.3a The Regions of British Colonies 71

Englishmen renewed their assaults on native villages, killing inhabitants, burning corn-
fields, and selling captive American Indians into slavery.
These sample pages are distributed by Bedford, Freeman & Worth Publishers.
The English proclaimed victory over the American Indians in 1623, but hostilities
continued. In 1624, in the midst of the crisis, King James repealed the Virginia
Company charter and took control of the colony, seeking greater control and a
larger share of the growing profits from the Chesapeake. For Virginia, he appointed
Copyright (c) 2024 Bedford, Freeman & Worth Publishers.
the governor and a small advisory council, required that legislation passed by the Privy Council
General Assembly of Virginia in Jamestown be ratified by the Privy Council, or the Advisory council of the
king of England, comprised
Strictly for use with its products. NOT FOR REDISTRIBUTION.
King’s council, in London, and demanded that property owners pay taxes to support typically of prominent
the Church of England. These regulations became the model for royal colonies aristocrats.
throughout North America.
Royal proclamations could not halt American Indian opposition. In 1644, Church of England
Opechancanough launched a second uprising against the English, killing hundreds of National English Protestant
faith with King Henry VIII as
colonists. After two years of bitter warfare, however, he was finally captured and then head of the church. Created
killed. With the English population now too large to eradicate, the native peoples in the after England split with the
Chesapeake finally submitted to English authority in 1646. Catholic Church in 1534.

AP ® WORKING with EVIDENCE

Source: John Martin, Jamestown councilman, The manner how to bring the Indians
into subjugation, 1622
“The manner how to bring in the Indians into subjugation [under control of the
English] . . .
First, by disabling the main body of the enemy from having . . . [all
necessities]. As namely corn and all manner of [food] of any worth.
This is to be acted two manner of ways. — First by keeping them from
setting corn at home and fishing. Secondly by keeping them from their
accustomed trading for corn.
For the first it is performed by having some 200 soldiers on foot, continually
[harassing] and burning all their Towns in winter, and spoiling their wares. . . .
For the second there must [be] provided some 10 ships, that in May, June,
July and August may scour the bay and keep the rivers yet are belonging to
[Opechancanough].
By this arises two happy ends. — First the assured taking of great purchases
in skins and prisoners. Secondly in keeping them from trading for corn on the
Eastern shore.”
Questions for Analysis
1. Identify the specific tactics Martin proposes to subjugate American Indians near
Jamestown.
2. Describe the benefits that Martin believes his plan will bring to British colonists.
3. Explain what this document reveals about seventeenth-century English views of
American Indians.

REVIEW

■ How did the Virginia colony change between 1607 and the mid-1600s?
■ What caused these changes?

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