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72 PERIOD 2 Colonial America amid Global Change: 1607–1754

The Second Chesapeake
Colony: Maryland
These sample pages are distributed by Bedford, Freeman & Worth Publishers.

By the 1630s, despite ongoing conflicts with American Indians, Virginia was well on its
way to bringing England commercial success. In 1632, King Charles I (reigned 1625–
1649) established the colony of Maryland. Taken together, Maryland and Virginia
Copyright (c) 2024 Bedford, Freeman & Worth Publishers.
formed the Chesapeake region of the English empire during the seventeenth century.
In the expanding tobacco economies that developed in the region, the most successful
Strictly for use with its products. NOT FOR REDISTRIBUTION.
planters used indentured servants for labor, including some Africans as well as thou-
sands of English and Irish immigrants. Between 1640 and 1670, some 40,000 to
50,000 of these migrants settled in Virginia and neighboring Maryland.
Act of Religious Toleration
Act passed in 1649 by In founding Maryland, King Charles I granted most of the territory north of Ches-
the Maryland Assembly apeake Bay to English nobleman Cecilius Calvert and appointed him Lord Baltimore,
granting religious freedom giving him and his descendants the power to govern the new colony. Calvert’s family,
to all Christians, including unlike most English people, remained Catholic after the Church of England was founded
Catholics. in 1534. Because of the persecution he and fellow Catholics had endured in the century
English Civil War since, he planned to create Maryland as a refuge of (relative) religious toleration, where
Conflict (1642–1651) between Catholics and Protestants could worship in peace.
parliamentary forces and the Appointing his brother as governor, he carefully prepared for the first settlement by
king of England over Charles recruiting artisans and farmers (mainly Protestant) as well as wealthy merchants and
I’s attempt to rule without aristocrats (mostly Catholic) to settle the colony. Although conflict continued to fester
Parliament. Culminated in between members of the small set of Catholic elite and the Protestant majority, Gover-
the execution of Charles I
and the establishment of the nor Calvert convinced the Maryland assembly to pass the Act of Religious Toleration
Commonwealth under Lord in 1649, granting religious freedom to all Christians.
Protector Oliver Cromwell, The history of religious toleration in Maryland and its status as a haven for Catho-
leader of Parliament’s forces. lics roughly mirrored the political and religious landscape back in England during the
Cromwell ruled as lord mid- seventeenth century. In 1642, disagreements over whether a king could rule with-
protector until his death in
1658. Charles I’s son, out consent of his Parliament erupted in violence, and the English Civil War began.
Charles II, was restored as King Charles I was executed in 1649, and a parliamentary leader named Oliver Crom-
king in 1660. well came to power as the war drew to its close in 1651, when Charles I’s son, Charles

St. Marys
(1634)
LINE Chesapeake
FALL
VIR G Rappahannock R.
VIRGINIA
Richmond Bay
(1644) AT L ANTI C
Ja J J m
O CEAN
James R.
N York R.
Jamestown
(1607) Settled by 1650
W E
English settlement
S English fort
0 25 50 miles American Indian
village
0 25 50 kilometers
MAP 2.2 The Growth of English Settlement in the Chesapeake (c. 1650) With the
HEW_9462_02_M01 Growth of English Settlements
success of tobacco, English plantations and forts spread along the James River and
First proof
north to St. Mary’s. By 1650 most Chesapeake tribes had been conquered or forced
to move north and west. The fall line, a geological zone with waterfalls and rapids
that marked the limit of navigable waterways, kept English settlements close to the
Atlantic coast but also ensured easy shipment of goods.
What geographic factors determined the location of the English settlements on
this map?

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