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98 PERIOD 2 Colonial America amid Global Change: 1607–1754

other deceptions, colonists dispossessed the Haudenosaunee and Delaware of vast
lands in Pennsylvania during the first half of the eighteenth century.
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However, some religiously minded immigrants worked to improve relations with
American Indians in Pennsylvania, at least temporarily. The tone had been set by William
Penn’s Quakers, who generally accepted American Indian land claims and tried to pursue
honest and fair negotiations. German Moravians, who settled in eastern Pennsylvania in
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the 1740s, developed good relations with area tribes. On Pennsylvania’s western frontier,
Scots-Irish Presbyterians established alliances with Delaware and Shawnee groups. These
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alliances, however, were rooted less in religious principles than in the hope of profiting
from the fur trade, as these tribes sought new commercial partners when their French
allies became too demanding.

REVIEW

■ What were the results of William Penn’s interactions with American Indians?

AP ® Skills Workshop: Thinking Historically

Additional Practice in Analyzing Claims and Evidence in Secondary Sources
Below is an excerpt from the article “The Devil, The Body, and the Feminine Soul
in Puritan New England.” First, in a single sentence, and in your own words, sum-
marize the claim that Elizabeth Reis makes about women in colonial New England.
Then, write one to two sentences identifying two examples of evidence that Reis uses
to support her claim. Your evidence should be specific historical information that Reis
uses to prove her claim. Finally, in one to two sentences, explain how the evidence
you collected from Reis’s article supports her claim.

“The body, for its part, also entangled women. Puritans believed that Satan
attacked the soul by assaulting the body, and that because women’s bodies
were weaker, the devil could reach women’s souls more easily, breaching
these ‘weaker vessels’ with greater frequency. Not only was the body the
means toward possessing the soul, it was the very expression of the devil’s
attack. Among witches, the body clearly manifested the soul’s acceptance
of the diabolical covenant.
Women were in a double bind during witchcraft episodes. Their souls,
strictly speaking, were no more evil than those of men, but the representation
of the vulnerable, unsatisfied, and yearning female soul, passively waiting
for Christ but always ready to succumb to the devil, inadvertently implicated
corporeal women themselves. The representation of the soul in terms of
worldly gender arrangements, the understanding of women in terms of
the characteristics of the feminine soul, in a circular fashion led Puritans
to imagine that women were more likely than men to submit to Satan.
A woman’s feminine soul, jeopardized in a woman’s feminine body, was
frail, submissive, and passive — qualities that most New Englanders thought
would allow her to become either a wife to Christ or a drudge to Satan.”

Excerpt from Elizabeth Reis, “The Devil, the Body, and the Feminine Soul in Puritan
New England,” Journal of American History, vol. 82, no. 1, June 1995, pp. 15–36,
https://doi.org/10.2307/2081913. Reprinted by permission of Oxford University
Press on behalf of the Organization of American Historians. Permission
conveyed through Copyright Clearance Center, Inc.

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