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®
AP Science Practice Developing Arguments
Tolerance and Addiction
Tolerance Drinks effect frequently
Big
Drinks
rarely
With continued use of alcohol and Response to
some other drugs (but not marijua- rst exposure
na), users develop tolerance as
Drug
their brain chemistry adapts to effect
offset the drug effect (neuroadapta-
Distributed by Bedford, Freeman & Worth Publishers. Not for redistribution.
tion). To experience the same effect,
users require larger and larger After repeated
doses, which increase the risk of exposure, more drug
is needed to produce
becoming addicted and developing Little same effect
Copyright © Bedford, Freeman & Worth Publishers.
a substance use disorder. effect Small Large
Drug dose
Addiction 4% of the world’s 4% Therapy or group support,

Caused by ever-increasing people have an alcohol such as from Alcoholics
doses of most psychoactive use disorder. 2 Anonymous, may help. It also
drugs (including prescription helps to believe that addic-
painkillers). Prompts user to The lifetime odds of getting hooked tions are controllable and
crave the drug, to continue use after using various drugs: that people can change.
despite adverse consequences, Many people do voluntarily
and to struggle when 9% Marijuana stop using addictive drugs
attempting to withdraw from without any treatment. “Most
it. These behaviors suggest a 21% Cocaine people who successfully quit
substance use disorder. Once 23% Alcohol smoking kicked
in the grip of addiction, people 68% Tobacco the habit on
4
want the drug more than they their own. ”
like the drug. 1 Data from National Epidemiologic Survey on
Alcohol and Related Conditions 3

Behavior Addictions
Psychologists try to avoid
using “addiction” to label Yet some behaviors can become compulsive and
driven, excessive behaviors dysfunctional — similar to problematic alcohol and
such as eating, work, sex, drug use. Behavior addictions include gambling Psychological
5
and accumulating wealth. disorder. Internet gaming disorder is also now a and drug
diagnosable condition. Such gamers display a therapies may
6
I'm ADDICTED to consistent inability to resist logging on and be “highly
cheeseburgers!
staying on, even when this excessive use impairs effective” for
their work and relationships. One international problematic
study of 19,000 gamers found that 1 in 3 had at internet use. 8
least one symptom of the disorder. But fewer
than 1 percent met criteria for a diagnosis. 7

1. Berridge et al., 2009; Robinson & Berridge, 2003. 2. WHO, 2014b. 3. Lopez-Quintero et al., 2011. 4. Newport, 2013. 5. Gentile, 2009;

Developing Arguments Questions
Grif ths, 2001; Hoeft et al., 2008. 6. WHO, 2018b. 7. Przybylski et al., 2017. 8. Winkler et al., 2013.
1. Explain the difference between tolerance and withdrawal. 3. Identify one piece of scientifically derived evidence that supports the
concept of behavioral addictions.
2. Using the scientifically derived evidence cited here, explain how
tolerance and withdrawal relate to substance use disorders.
1. Berridge et al., 2009; Robinson & Berridge, 2003. 2. WHO, 2014b. 3. Lopez-Quintero et al., 2011. 4. Newport, 2013. 5. Gentile, 2009; Griffiths, 2001; Hoeft et al., 2008. 6. WHO, 2018b.
7. Przybylski et al., 2017. 8. Winkler et al., 2013.
42 Unit 1 Biological Bases of Behavior

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