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TO THE STUDENT xxi TEST YOURSELF to assess what you know and what you need to review further. 334Module 20 Summary and Assessment Thinking 20-1 How and why do we form concepts?%u2022 Our mind uses concepts to organize the world into mental categories. These mental categories%u2014including prototypes and concept hierarchies%u2014usually help us think quickly and efficiently. %u2022 Concept hierarchies keep mental information organized. 20-2 What roles do algorithms, heuristics, and insight play in the solution of problems?%u2022 An algorithm is a problem-solving strategy that guarantees a solution to a problem. %u2022 A heuristic is a rule-of-thumb problem-solving strategy that makes a solution more likely but does not guarantee a solution. %u2022 Insight is the sudden realization of a solution to a problem. 20-3 How can fixation, confirmation bias, and the use of heuristics, overconfidence, and framing influence the quality of our decisions?%u2022 A mental set is a tendency to approach a particular problem in a particular way. %u2022 Confirmation bias is the tendency to focus on information that supports preconceptions. %u2022 The availability heuristic estimates the likelihood of events based on their availability in memory; it can either enhance or hinder problem solving. %u2022 Overconfidence occurs when confidence in an answer is greater than accuracy. %u2022 Framing is the way an issue is presented or worded; it affects what solutions are thought of and produced. cognitive abilities, p. 324 concept, p. 324 prototype, p. 325 algorithm, p. 327 heuristic, p. 327 insight, p. 328 mental set, p. 329 fixation, p. 329 functional fixedness, p. 330 confirmation bias, p. 331 availability heuristic, p. 332 overconfidence, p. 332 framing, p. 333 Daniel Kahneman (1934%u20132024), p. 332 KEY TERMS AND KEY PEOPLE Summative Assessment 1. What is a prototype? a. A detailed model of something b. The typical example of a concept c. A group of similar ideas d. A category of examples 2. Which of the following is a heuristic? a. Retracing your steps to find where you left your phone b. Looking in every cupboard to find a pan you know is in the kitchen c. Trying every unused piece in every space to fit in the last 20 pieces in a jigsaw puzzle d. Going through the football team roster to identify all of the linebackers on the team TEST YOURSELF to assess what you know and what you need to review further. At the end of every module, summaries are provided to help you review the module%u2019s key concepts and terms. Then, answer the ten multiple-choice Summative Assessment questions to test your cumulative knowledge of the module%u2019s content. Answers appear in Appendix B at the end of the book. 102 PILLAR 1 BiologyThe Visual System IfyouaskedseveralofyourfriendswhowerebornwithnormalvisionwhichofMAKE IT STICK! 1. While watching an exciting soccer game, Nadia didn%u2019t hear Eduardo calling her name. Which factor explains her failure to respond to Eduardo?a. Selective attention b. Difference threshold c. Just noticeable difference d. Sensory adaptation 2. What is the difference between an absolute threshold and a just noticeable difference? 3. Charlie did not notice the wonderful aroma of baking bread in the kitchen until after he had left for a minute to take out the garbage. The reason he did not notice until he left and returned is that sensory ____________ had occurred. Stop at the end of each Learning Goal to test yourself with the Make It Stick! questions. These quick questions test your knowledge of the material you%u2019ve just read and will help you to identify areas you%u2019ve mastered and those you need to review. %u00a9 Bedford, Freeman & Worth Publishers. For review purposes only. Do not distribute.