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160 PILLAR 2 Development and Learningaway, which does not seem like a coincidence: a nursing infant%u2019s eyes are about foot away from its mother%u2019s eyes.13 As for the sense of smell, a week-old baby can distinguish the smell of its mother%u2019s body from the smell of another nursing mother.14But newborns don%u2019t just roll off the assembly line, any one interchangeable with another. Even in the first few hours of life, a baby%u2019s temperament%u2014 characteristic emotional excitability%u2014is evident. In the weeks following birth, an %u201ceasy%u201d baby displays predictable sleeping and eating patterns, appears relaxed, and is cheerful. During these same weeks, a %u201cdifficult%u201d baby is unpredictable, intense, and irritable. And the %u201cslow-to-warm-up%u201d baby will avoid new situations, have relatively low activity levels, and take more time to adapt to something new.15 Temperament appears to be tied to our genetic makeup.16Studies showing that identical twins have more similar temperaments than fraternal twins suggest that our biologically based temperament sets the stage for our personality.17Temperament is also a relatively stable personality aspect. The most intense preschoolers grow up to be intense young adults.18 Similarly, inhibited, fearful 2-year-olds generally become shy second-graders.19temperament A person%u2019s characteristic emotional excitability.Reflexes in NewbornsStroking this baby%u2019s cheek initiates the rooting reflex as the baby searches for something to suck (left). The grasping reflex allows this newborn (right) to support its own weight. This reflex disappears by the baby%u2019s first birthday. Petit Format/Science Source BSIP SA/Alamy Stock PhotoMAKE IT STICK!1. What do we call a fertilized egg for the first 14 days of its existence?a. A zygoteb. An embryoc. A fetusd. A placenta2. What do we call the issue regarding the interaction between heredity and environment?a. Stability and changeb. Continuity and stagesc. Growth and birthd. Nature and nurture3. What is the safe amount of alcohol a pregnant woman can drink without fear of harming her fetus?a. One beer per dayb. Nonec. Two beers per dayd. Three beers or glasses of wine per day4. A label on a medication says %u201cDo not take if pregnant.%u201d This warning indicates that the medication could be a(n) ____________.5. Temperament research shows that a person who is socially oriented, has a quick temper, and loves to take risks probablya. was an intense baby and child.b. did not respond to the rooting reflex.c. had an excess of genes as a newborn.d. was exposed to dangerous teratogen levels.%u00a9 Bedford, Freeman & Worth Publishers. For review purposes only. Do not distribute.