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166 PILLAR 2 Development and Learningwith abstract ideas, but other researchers have produced evidence of very early logical thinking. Consider the following:%u2022 One-month-old babies were allowed to suck on one of two differently shaped pacifiers without seeing either (Figure 10.6). Later, when the infants were shown the two pacifiers, they looked almost exclusively at the one they had felt in their mouth, indicating the memory necessary for object permanence.27 This study was replicated with babies just 12 hours old with similar results.28%u2022 At 5 months of age, babies stare longer or do double takes at impossible situations.29,30 The example in Figure 10.7 shows how researchers observed this behavior. Infants also show surprise when a puppet that usually jumps three times jumps only twice.31 Piaget would not have predicted that such young children could show either numerical thinking skills or awareness of change.FIGURE 10.6 Early MemoriesAfter sucking on one of these two pacifiers, babies looked longer at the pacifier they had felt in their mouth. This is evidence of early logical thinking. (Research from Meltzoff & Borton, 1979.)Paul Noth/The New Yorker Cartoon Bank/Conde NastConspiracy Theorist?Or just a child who%u2019s a little older and more cognitively developed than the other two?The development of object permanence is not like a light turning on; its emergence is more gradual than Piaget thought.32 Further, infants who are visually impaired have been shown to use both touch and sound in their development of object permanence.33,34%u00a9 Bedford, Freeman & Worth Publishers. For review purposes only. Do not distribute.