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xii Part-Opening Features Help Put History in Context Start Smart!A four-page part opener introduces each of the nine parts, starting with an engaging overview of key content, developments, and processes from the time period. Thematic Connections These are followed by three broad Thematic Connections questions with accompanying analysis and striking images. These questions help guide students%u2019 reading of unit content and emphasize points of comparison, continuity, and change across time periods. In the Eleventh Edition, each of these questions is aligned with one of the eight AP %u00ae course themes. 300 301Thematic ConnectionsAP%u00ae THEME: Work, Exchange, and Technology. Why did economic innovations and territorial expansion trigger such dramatic growth?The economic revolution of the early 1800s rested on advances in technology, from the cotton gin to the steam-powered loom. It also relied on displacing Native peoples through relentless acquisition of frontier lands. On the lands taken, midwestern farmers specialized in growing products that could be shipped to an increasingly industrial Northeast.In the South, the rise of the %u201ccotton complex%u201d vastly expanded slavery. It also sharpened class divisions among business and professional elites, planters, middleclass merchants, artisans, wageworkers, and the urban poor. At first, Americans hoped that manufacturing would increase prosperity for all, but by the end of the period some desperate immigrants from Ireland, and others who could only access low-skill jobs, lived in shocking poverty. Like other transformations, the commercial revolution had unintended consequences.AP%u00ae THEME: Politics and Power. Why did mass-based political parties and reform movements arise in this era?Americans celebrated the expansion of political rights and the rise of mass parties, starting with Democrats under the charismatic leadership of Andrew Jackson. Jacksonian Democrats cut government aid to financiers, merchants, and corporations. Beginning in the 1830s, Democrats faced challenges from the Whigs, who devised a competing program stressing state-sponsored economic development, moral reform, and individual opportunity. The parties wrestled over such issues as Jackson%u2019s Indian Removal Act of 1830 and high protective tariffs on manufactured goods, the latter of which many farmers and planters opposed.New democratic forms flourished in culture as well as politics. The expanding urban middle class created a distinct religious culture and an ideal of domesticity for women, as well as an array of reform movements, from temperance to abolitionism. Wage earners in the growing cities, including poor immigrants from Germany and Ireland, built their own vibrant popular culture. New England intellectuals launched the distinctly American movement of transcendentalism, while utopians founded cooperative experiments and religious communities such as those of the Shakers and Mormons.AP%u00ae THEME: America in the World. How did the United States double its territory between 1800 and 1848, and how did that expansion bring the nation into conflict with neighbors and rivals?Territorial expansion was vast and violent. In the decades after it purchased the Louisiana Territory from France, the United States continued to seize ancestral lands from Native peoples and forcibly push them westward. Southern cotton planters, moving into Texas at the invitation of Mexican authorities who were struggling to populate Mexico%u2019s northern lands, brought slavery and a desire for autonomy that soon triggered the Texas revolution for independence. Other land-hungry Americans, especially those on the midwestern frontier, pushed for annexation of Oregon. In the decisive election of 1844, Democrat James K. Polk won the presidency on promises to claim all of Oregon from the United States%u2019s chief rival %u2014 Britain %u2014 and to annex Texas even if that precipitated war with Mexico. Though the former conflict was arbitrated, the latter triggered a war in which the United States seized not only Texas but also California and the Southwest, establishing itself as a Pacific-facing continental empire.Four transformations reshaped the United States in the early nineteenth century. One was economic: the rise of manufacturing and the growth of commercial agriculture %u2014 including the spectacular expansion of cotton%u2014brought unprecedented economic growth. Another was political, as democratic participation expanded and mass-based parties arose. A third transformation was the emergence of new forms of evangelical Christianity, which inspired reform movements and utopian experiments that remade American culture and society. Finally, the United States aggressively expanded its geographical boundaries. Part 4 of America%u2019s History explains how these momentous changes happened and how closely they were intertwined.We begin Part 4 in 1800 because at that time important structural changes were beginning to reshape American life. They included new banking, credit, and transportation systems; invention of the cotton gin and the transformation of American slavery; innovations in government and politics; and new religious and cultural expressions. The Louisiana Purchase of 1803 also powerfully expanded the geographic scope of the United States and, in turn, widened American aspirations for expansion to the Pacific. We have chosen 1848 as a useful end point for this period because in that year the U.S.-Mexico War concluded, fulfilling many of those ambitions for continental conquest and expanded political and economic power.Historians often call these decades the antebellum (prewar) era because, looking back, we know that soon afterward, in 1861, the Civil War began. But Americans at the time, of course, did not know a civil war was coming between North and South. On the contrary, many developments between 1800 and 1848 worked to unify northern and southern interests. Policymakers and entrepreneurs built canals and banks, expanded the reach of plantation slavery, opened textile factories in the North to process cotton grown by enslaved workers from the South, and sold northern products back to southern planters. By the 1830s this system created vast prosperity%u2014and new inequalities. Radical abolitionists criticized the new economy for enabling %u201cLords of the Loom%u201d and %u201cLords of the Lash%u201d to build one vast cycle of exploitative enterprise.CHAPTER 8Economic Transformations, 1800%u20131848CHAPTER 9A Democratic Revolution, 1800%u20131848CHAPTER 10Religion, Reform, and Culture, 1820%u20131848CHAPTER 11Imperial Ambitions, 1820%u20131848Overlapping Revolutions 4 1800%u20131848PART Bettmann/Getty Images. Private Collection/Bridgeman Images. The Granger Collection, New York.Americans at the time, of course, did not know a civil war was coming between North and South. On the contrary, many developments between 1800 and 1848 worked to unify northern and southern interests. Policymakers and entrepreneurs built canals and banks, expanded the reach of plantation slavery, opened textile factories in the North to process cotton grown by enslaved workers from the South, and sold northern products back to southern planters. By the 1830s and new inequalities. Radical abolitionists criticized the new economy for enabling %u201cLords of the Loom%u201d and %u201cLords of the 300 301Thematic ConnectionsAP%u00ae THEME: Work, Exchange, and Technology. Why did economic innovations and territorial expansion trigger such dramatic growth?The economic revolution of the early 1800s rested on advances in technology, from the cotton gin to the steam-powered loom. It also relied on displacing Native peoples through relentless acquisition of frontier lands. On the lands taken, midwestern farmers specialized in growing products that could be shipped to an increasingly industrial Northeast.In the South, the rise of the %u201ccotton complex%u201d vastly expanded slavery. It also sharpened class divisions among business and professional elites, planters, middleclass merchants, artisans, wageworkers, and the urban poor. At first, Americans hoped that manufacturing would increase prosperity for all, but by the end of the period some desperate immigrants from Ireland, and others who could only access low-skill jobs, lived in shocking poverty. Like other transformations, the commercial revolution had unintended consequences.AP%u00ae THEME: Politics and Power. Why did mass-based political parties and reform movements arise in this era?Americans celebrated the expansion of political rights and the rise of mass parties, starting with Democrats under the charismatic leadership of Andrew Jackson. Jacksonian Democrats cut government aid to financiers, merchants, and corporations. Beginning in the 1830s, Democrats faced challenges from the Whigs, who devised a competing program stressing state-sponsored economic development, moral reform, and individual opportunity. The parties wrestled over such issues as Jackson%u2019s Indian Removal Act of 1830 and high protective tariffs on manufactured goods, the latter of which many farmers and planters opposed.New democratic forms flourished in culture as well as politics. The expanding urban middle class created a distinct religious culture and an ideal of domesticity for women, as well as an array of reform movements, from temperance to abolitionism. Wage earners in the growing cities, including poor immigrants from Germany and Ireland, built their own vibrant popular culture. New England intellectuals launched the distinctly American movement of transcendentalism, while utopians founded cooperative experiments and religious communities such as those of the Shakers and Mormons.AP%u00ae THEME: America in the World. How did the United States double its territory between 1800 and 1848, and how did that expansion bring the nation into conflict with neighbors and rivals?Territorial expansion was vast and violent. In the decades after it purchased the Louisiana Territory from France, the United States continued to seize ancestral lands from Native peoples and forcibly push them westward. Southern cotton planters, moving into Texas at the invitation of Mexican authorities who were struggling to populate Mexico%u2019s northern lands, brought slavery and a desire for autonomy that soon triggered the Texas revolution for independence. Other land-hungry Americans, especially those on the midwestern frontier, pushed for annexation of Oregon. In the decisive election of 1844, Democrat James K. Polk won the presidency on promises to claim all of Oregon from the United States%u2019s chief rival %u2014 Britain %u2014 and to annex Texas even if that precipitated war with Mexico. Though the former conflict was arbitrated, the latter triggered a war in which the United States seized not only Texas but also California and the Southwest, establishing itself as a Pacific-facing continental empire.Four transformations reshaped the United States in the early nineteenth century. One was economic: the rise of manufacturing and the growth of commercial agriculture %u2014 including the spectacular expansion of cotton %u2014 brought unprecedented economic growth. Another was political, as democratic participation expanded and mass-based parties arose. A third transformation was the emergence of new forms of evangelical Christianity, which inspired reform movements and utopian experiments that remade American culture and society. Finally, the United States aggressively expanded its geographical boundaries. Part 4 of America%u2019s History explains how these momentous changes happened and how closely they were intertwined.We begin Part 4 in 1800 because at that time important structural changes were beginning to reshape American life. They included new banking, credit, and transportation systems; invention of the cotton gin and the transformation of American slavery; innovations in government and politics; and new religious and cultural expressions. The Louisiana Purchase of 1803 also powerfully expanded the geographic scope of the United States and, in turn, widened American aspirations for expansion to the Pacific. We have chosen 1848 as a useful end point for this period because in that year the U.S.-Mexico War concluded, fulfilling many of those ambitions for continental conquest and expanded political and economic power.Historians often call these decades the antebellum (prewar) era because, looking back, we know that soon afterward, in 1861, the Civil War began. But Americans at the time, of course, did not know a civil war was coming between North and South. On the contrary, many developments between 1800 and 1848 worked to unify northern and southern interests. Policymakers and entrepreneurs built canals and banks, expanded the reach of plantation slavery, opened textile factories in the North to process cotton grown by enslaved workers from the South, and sold northern products back to southern planters. By the 1830s this system created vast prosperity %u2014 and new inequalities. Radical abolitionists criticized the new economy for enabling %u201cLords of the Loom%u201d and %u201cLords of the Lash%u201d to build one vast cycle of exploitative enterprise.CHAPTER 8Economic Transformations, 1800%u20131848CHAPTER 9A Democratic Revolution, 1800%u20131848CHAPTER 10Religion, Reform, and Culture, 1820%u20131848CHAPTER 11Imperial Ambitions, 1820%u20131848Overlapping Revolutions 4 1800%u20131848PART Bettmann/Getty Images. Private Collection/Bridgeman Images. The Granger Collection, New York.%u00a9 Bedford, Freeman & Worth Publishers. For review purposes only. Do not distribute.