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xiv905 America in the World World War II saw an extraordinary loss of life. Worldwide, at least 50 million people perished between 1939 and 1945 from war-related causes. The majority of those who died were civilians, though many millions of soldiers perished in battle as well. For most countries, we have reasonable estimates rather than precise figures. Figure 23.1 compares the United States with other major combatants and nations caught in this global struggle. At the same time, the war fueled tremendous economic growth in the United States, which was spared the physical devastation of Europe and East Asia. Military production for World War II lifted the United States out of the Great Depression. Gross domestic product (GDP) nearly doubled between 1938 and 1945. Economic production in other combatant nations, as shown in Figure 23.2 , grew little if at all. The Scales of War: Losses and Gains During World War II Source : GDP data from the Madison Project, Groningen Growth and Development Centre. QUESTIONS FOR ANALYSIS 1. Why did the United States experience so many fewer deaths than other nations? Why were there so many deaths in Eastern Europe and the Soviet Union? Use specific examples from each theater of war to support your answers. 2. Describe U.S. GDP in relationship to the other industrial nations in 1937 and in 1945, as shown in Figure 23.2 . How were some of the key domestic changes discussed in the chapter, such as rural-urban migration, racial conflict, and women%u2019s employment, linked to this economic growth? 3. Relate the patterns identified in these data to key wartime developments, such as the Holocaust, Stalin%u2019s demand for a second front, or the entry of the United States into the war. FIGURE 23.1 World War II Military and Civilian Deaths, 1939%u20131945 PolandU.S.FranceU.K.500,000 500,000Japan3 million6 millionYugoslavia2 million420,000U.S.S.RChinaGermany15 million6 million23 millionamerhistoryHS11e_23_02World War II Military and Civilian Deaths, 1939%u20131945 19p9 x 24p3First ProofFIGURE 23.2 Gross Domestic Product Rates Worldwide, 1937%u20131945 France GermanyU.K. U.S.Italy02,0004,0006,0008,00010,00012,00014,0001937 1938 1939 1940 1941 1942 1943 1944 1945$ in billion in 1990 pricesamerhistoryHS11e_23_03Gross Domestic Product Rates Worldwide, 1938%u2013194521p3 x 24p6First Proofproduction for World War II lifted the United States out of the Great Depression. Gross domestic product (GDP) nearly doubled between 1938 and 1945. Economic production in other combatant nations, as shown in Figure 23.2 , grew little if at all. : GDP data from the Madison Project, Groningen Growth and Development Centre. Why did the United States experience so many fewer deaths than other nations? Why were there so many deaths in Eastern Europe and the Soviet Union? Use specific examples from each Describe U.S. GDP in relationship to the other industrial nations in 1937 and in 1945, as shown in Figure 23.2 . How were some of the key domestic changes discussed in the chapter, such as rural-urban migration, racial conflict, and women%u2019s employment, linked to this economic growth? 3. Relate the patterns identified in these data to key wartime developments, such as the Holocaust, Stalin%u2019s demand for a second front, or the entry of the United States into the war. U.S.420,000FIGURE 23.2 FIGURE 23.2 Gross Domestic Product Rates Worldwide, 1937%u20131945 France GermanyU.K. U.S.Italy02,0004,0006,0008,00010,00012,00014,0001937 1938 1939 1940 1941 1942 1943 1944 1945$ in billion in 1990 prices645 America in the World The United States received more new residents than any other nation during the era of industrialization, but it was not the only place where emigrants (those departing) became immigrants (those arriving). With the advent of steamships, it became relatively safe, cheap, and easy %u2014 compared to earlier eras, at least %u2014 for an impoverished, desperate person to relocate to any part of the globe, if he or she had access to a port city and a steamship ticket. Emigrants and Destinations, 1881%u20131915 A number of factors affected emigrants%u2019 decisions as to where they would seek their fortunes. Foremost among them was their home country%u2019s political or imperial relationship with other countries or conquered territories. Language also could be a consideration; it was a major advantage to have family members already living in one%u2019s destination country, or at least to know that communities from home had settled there. Equally important was where emigrants could not go. Many migrants faced political barriers, such as the Exclusion Act, which barred Asians from emigrating to the United States. The cost of a steamship ticket was a major obstacle, but one that American labor recruiters overcame by offering loans to emigrants %u2014 at steep interest rates %u2014 to be paid back out of their future earnings. Such recruitment was selective, however. After the Civil War, although the United States opened immigration of %u201cpersons of African descent,%u201d labor recruiters focused primarily on Europe. The following graph shows six major destinations for emigrants from four European countries. QUESTIONS FOR ANALYSIS 1. Summarize immigration as pictured in each pie chart. What might account for the different emigration patterns shown here? 2. What choices and limitations might each group of emigrants have faced in choosing the country to which they emigrated? What groups are pictured here? Use evidence from the chapter in your answer. 3. Do these figures suggest anything about the conditions that various groups may have encountered in different countries upon arrival? Use evidence from the chapter in your answer. United States 57% Canada 22%Oceania* 13%Africa 8%Africa 3%Argentina 23%Argentina 1%Africa <1%Oceania* <1%Oceania* <1%*Primarily to Australia and New ZealandCanada 1%Brazil 2 %Brazil 16 %Canada 2%United States 95%United States 55% United States100%British Emigrants (excluding Ireland)Italian EmigrantsGerman EmigrantsSwedish EmigrantsamerhistoryHS11e_16_02Major Destinations for Emigrants, 1881%u2013191533p3 x 25p First Proof3/20/24FIGURE 16.2 Major Destinations for Emigrants, 1881%u20131915 Boxed Features Throughout the Book Offer Targeted %u00a0Skill Building and Practice America in the WorldThe AP %u00ae America in the World feature uses primary sources and data to situate U.S. history in a global context, giving students practice in comparison and data analysis, which are key to success on the AP %u00ae exam. %u00a9 Bedford, Freeman & Worth Publishers. For review purposes only. Do not distribute.