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MODULE 2.3b The Regions of British Colonies 89

women, and children. This massacre by the Puritans eliminated the Pequot tribe, and
the American Indian population in the area never recovered. In New England, at most
These sample pages are distributed by Bedford, Freeman & Worth Publishers.
16,000 native people remained by 1670, a loss of about 80 percent over fifty years.
Meanwhile the English population had reached more than 50,000, with settlers claim-
ing ever more land.
Relations between the New England colonists and American Indians grew even
Copyright (c) 2024 Bedford, Freeman & Worth Publishers.
worse in 1671, when the English demanded that the Wampanoag Indians, who had
been their allies since the 1620s, surrender their guns and be ruled by English law. Metacom’s War
Strictly for use with its products. NOT FOR REDISTRIBUTION.
Instead, many Wampanoags hid their weapons and, over the next several years, raided Also known as King Philip’s
War, a conflict between
frontier farms and killed several settlers. English authorities responded by hanging three English settlers and an alliance
Wampanoag men. of Native Americans led by the
By 1675, the Wampanoag chief Metacom, called King Philip by the English, came Wampanoag tribe, in 1675–
to believe that Europeans had to be forced out of New England if American Indians 1676. The settlers were the
were going to survive. As conflict escalated between the English and the Wampanoags, eventual victors, but fighting
Metacom gained the support of other tribes, and together, they formed a coalition that was fierce and casualties on
both sides were high.
attacked white settlements, burning fields, killing male settlers, and taking women and
children captive in what became known as Metacom’s War.
Initially, the colonists believed they could win an easy victory over their foes. How- AP EXAM TIP
®
ever, the war dragged on and became increasingly brutal on both sides. About a thou-
sand English settlers were killed and dozens were taken captive during the conflict. Metacom’s War, or King
Phillip’s War, is a required
Metacom’s forces attacked Plymouth and Providence and marched within twenty miles historical development for
®
of Boston. the AP Exam. In addition to
Meanwhile, the English attacked native villages, killing hundreds of American Indi- knowing the importance of
ans and selling hundreds more into slavery in the West Indies, including Metacom’s that event, think about ways
wife and son. Indian losses were catastrophic on both sides of the conflict, as food short- you can illustrate continuity
and/or change over time
ages and disease combined with military deaths to kill as many as 4,500 men, women, by comparing the historical
and children. About a quarter of the remaining Indian population of New England died context of the Pequot War
in 1675–1676. with Metacom’s War. When
The war finally ended when Metacom’s forces ran short of guns and powder and comparing, be specific as
Mohawk allies of the English ambushed and killed Metacom in 1676. The remaining to issues surrounding land,
tribes allied with Metacom moved north and gradually intermarried with tribes allied religion, and the economic
development of New England.
with the French. As the carnage of the war spilled into New York, Haudenosaunee
(Iroquois) leaders and colonists met at Albany in 1677 in hopes of salvaging their
lucrative fur trade. There they formed an alliance, the Covenant Chain, to head off Covenant Chain
future conflict. Alliance between
Haudenosaunee (Iroquois)
and the northern colonies
REVIEW of British North America
to maintain the fur trade
■ How did conflicts in the Puritan colonies, both internally and with and good relations in the
American Indians, reflect Puritan society in particular, and the English aftermath of Metacom’s War.
colonists in general?

Conflicts in England Echo
in the Colonies

As Puritans formed new lives in North America, those who remained in England were
soon engaged in armed conflict against their fellow countrymen. Differences over issues
of religion, taxation, and royal authority had strained relations between Parliament and
the crown for decades, as James I (reigned 1603–1625) and his son Charles I (reigned

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