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Political

CHAPTER Transformations
4 Empires and Encounters

1450–1750

European Empires in the “Putin [president of Russia] wants the old Russian Empire
Americas, 204 CONNECTING back. . . . As Russian tsar, which is how he sees himself,
The European Advantage, 204 PAST AND his empire cannot work without Ukraine. He sees us as
The Great Dying and the Little PRESENT 1
Ice Age, 208 a colony.” This was the view of Ukrainian president Petro
The Columbian Exchange, 211 Poroshenko in 2018, as he resisted persistent Russian incursions into the affairs
Comparing Colonial Societies in of his country. The Russian invasion of Ukraine in early 2022 only enhanced this
the Americas, 213 view of Russia’s imperial ambitions. In a similar vein, critics of Turkey’s interven-
In the Lands of the Aztecs and tion in Libya’s civil war in 2020 claimed that Turkey’s president Erdogan embraced
the Incas, 214
Colonies of Sugar, 217 “expansionist visions of reviving the Ottoman Empire, with — naturally — himself
2
Settler Colonies in North as the supreme sultan.” Thus memories of the Russian and Ottoman empires,
America, 220 initially constructed in the early modern era, continue to shape understandings of
Empire Building in Russia and current events and perhaps to inspire actions in the present as well. ■
China, 222
The Steppes and Siberia:
The Making of a Russian
Empire, 223
Into Central Asia: The Making nderlying these comments is a sharply critical posture toward any
of a Chinese Empire, 226 revival of these earlier empires. Indeed, empire building has been
Empires of the Islamic World, 229 Ulargely discredited during the twentieth and twenty-first centuries,
In the Islamic Heartland: The and “imperialist” has become a term of insult rather than a source of pride.
Ottoman and Persian Safavid How very different were the three centuries (1450–1750) of the early
Empires, 230
On the Frontiers of Islam: modern era, when empire building was a global process! In the Americas,
The Mughal and Songhay the Aztec and Inca empires flourished before they, along with nearly all of
Empires, 235 the Western Hemisphere, were incorporated into the rival empires of the
Conclusions and Reflections: Spanish, Portuguese, British, French, and Dutch. Within those European
Comparing Empires, 239
imperial systems, vast transformations took place: old societies were
destroyed, and new societies arose as Native Americans, Europeans, and
Africans came into sustained contact with one another for the first time
®
AP
in world history. It was an encounter with revolutionary implications that
SOURCING AND SITUATION extended far beyond the Americas themselves.
What might have been the artist’s But these empires in the Americas were not alone on the imperial
purpose for creating this work
of art? stage of the early modern era. Across the immense expanse of Siberia, the
Uncorrected proofs have been used in this sample. 203
Copyright © Bedford, Freeman & Worth Publishers.
Distributed by Bedford, Freeman & Worth Publishers. For review purposes only. Not for redistribution.

07_strayerap5e_40930_ch04_202-259_2pp.indd 203 7/4/22 9:48 AM