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204 PERIOD 2 • The Early Modern World, 1450–1750
Landmarks for Chapter 4

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AP Russians constructed what was then the world’s largest territorial empire, making 1450 1500 1550 1600 1650 1700 1750
CONTINUITY AND Russia an Asian as well as a European power. Qing (chihng) dynasty China pen-
CHANGE etrated deep into Inner Asia, doubling the size of the country while incorporat- EUROPEAN EMPIRES
How has the reputation ing millions of non-Chinese people who practiced Islam, Buddhism, or animistic 1519–1540 Spanish conquest of Aztec and Inca empires
of empire building
changed between the religions. Within the vast Islamic world, four new imperial states reconfigured the ca. 1530s First Portuguese plantations in Brazil
period 1450–1750 and political structure of the region. In the Middle East, the Turkish Ottoman Empire
the present? reestablished something of the earlier political unity of heartland Islam and posed 1565 Spanish takeover of Philippines begins
AP ® a serious military and religious threat to European Christendom. Furthermore, a 1492–1502 Voyages of Columbus to Americas
1607–1608
COMPARISON new expression of the Persian imperial tradition took shape in the Safavid Empire English colony at Jamestown; French colony in Quebec
In what ways did in what is now Iran. On the South Asian peninsula, the Islamic Mughal Empire
European empires in the brought Hindus and Muslims into a closer relationship than ever before, some- RUSSIAN EMPIRE
Americas resemble their times quite peacefully and at other times with great conflict. And the Muslim-ruled
Russian, Chinese, Songhay Empire encompassed a huge territory in West Africa, giving a new shape to 1480 Russia emerges from Mongol rule
Mughal, and Ottoman
counterparts, and in what that civilization. Thus the early modern era was an age of empire all across the world. ca. 1550–1795
respects were they Russian expansion across Siberia
different? Do you find the 1648–1709
similarities or the European Empires in the Americas Russian incorporation of Ukraine
differences more 1689–1725
significant? Peter the Great; “westernization” policies
Finding the Main Point: In what ways did European colonial empires in the Americas
set in motion vast historical changes? CHINESE EMPIRE

AP ® EXAM TIP Among the early modern empires, those of Western Europe were distinctive 1433 Chinese withdrawal from Indian Ocean 1644 Qing/Manchu dynasty established
Understand the process because the conquered territories lay an ocean away from the imperial heart-
of European state land, rather than adjacent to it. Following the breakthrough voyages of Columbus, 1680–1760
building in the Americas.
the Spanish focused their empire-building efforts in the Caribbean and then, in Chinese expansion into Central Asia
the early sixteenth century, turned to the mainland, making stunning conquests of the 1689
powerful but fragile Aztec and Inca empires. Meanwhile, the Portuguese established Treaty of Nerchinsk resolves border between Chinese and Russian empires
themselves along the coast of present-day Brazil. In the early seventeenth century, OTTOMAN EMPIRE
the British, French, and Dutch launched colonial settlements along the eastern coast
of North America. From these beginnings, Europeans extended their empires to 1453 Ottoman conquest of Constantinople
encompass most of the Americas, at least nominally, by the mid- eighteenth century 1517 Ottoman conquest of Egypt
(see Map 4.1). It was a remarkable achievement. What had made it possible?
1529 Siege of Vienna 1683
Second Ottoman siege
1534–1639 of Vienna
The European Advantage Ottoman military con ict with
Persian Safavid Empire
Geography provides a starting point for explaining Europe’s American empires.
Countries on the Atlantic rim of Europe (Portugal, Spain, Britain, and France) were MUGHAL EMPIRE

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AP simply closer to the Americas than were any potential Asian competitors. Moreover, 1526 Mughal Empire established
CONTEXTUALIZATION the enormously rich markets of the Indian Ocean world provided little incentive
What historical for its Chinese, Indian, or Muslim participants to venture much beyond their own 1556–1605 Reign of Akbar
developments enabled waters. Europeans, however, were powerfully motivated to do so.
Europeans to carve out After 1200 or so, European elites were increasingly aware of their region’s 1658–1707
huge empires an ocean marginal position in the rich world of Eurasian commerce and were determined to Reign of Aurangzeb
away from their
homelands? gain access to that world. Once the Americas were discovered, windfalls of natural
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