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Landmarks for Chapter 4
1450 1500 1550 1600 1650 1700 1750
EUROPEAN EMPIRES
1519–1540 Spanish conquest of Aztec and Inca empires
ca. 1530s First Portuguese plantations in Brazil
1565 Spanish takeover of Philippines begins
1492–1502 Voyages of Columbus to Americas
1607–1608
English colony at Jamestown; French colony in Quebec
RUSSIAN EMPIRE
1480 Russia emerges from Mongol rule
ca. 1550–1795
Russian expansion across Siberia
1648–1709
Russian incorporation of Ukraine
1689–1725
Peter the Great; “westernization” policies
CHINESE EMPIRE
1433 Chinese withdrawal from Indian Ocean 1644 Qing/Manchu dynasty established
1680–1760
Chinese expansion into Central Asia
1689
Treaty of Nerchinsk resolves border between Chinese and Russian empires
OTTOMAN EMPIRE
1453 Ottoman conquest of Constantinople
1517 Ottoman conquest of Egypt
1529 Siege of Vienna 1683
Second Ottoman siege
1534–1639 of Vienna
Ottoman military con ict with
Persian Safavid Empire
MUGHAL EMPIRE
1526 Mughal Empire established
1556–1605 Reign of Akbar
1658–1707
Reign of Aurangzeb
Uncorrected proofs have been used in this sample. 205
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