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Chapter 4 • Political Transformations, 1450–1750 241
Western Europe, though to a lesser extent, as its empire enabled the country to emerge
as one of the Great Powers of Europe by the eighteenth century.
CHAPTER REVIEW
AP Key Terms
®
Hernán Cortés, 207 Ming dynasty, 226
Great Dying, 210 Qing expansion, 228
Little Ice Age, 210 Ottoman Empire, 230
General Crisis, 210 devshirme, 233
Columbian exchange, 212 Safavid Empire, 235
mercantilism, 213 Mughal Empire, 235
mestizo, 215 zamindars, 235
mulattoes, 219 Akbar, 236
settler colonies, 222 Aurangzeb, 237
Russian Empire, 223 Songhay Empire, 237
yasak, 224 Pueblo Revolt, 239
Finding the Main Point
1. In what ways did European colonial empires in the Americas set in motion vast
historical changes?
2. In what different ways did European colonialism take shape in the Americas?
3. What were the unique strategies and the larger impact of the expanding Russian
and Chinese empires during this period?
4. How did Islamic empires in this period manage their expansion and their
interactions with diverse cultures?
5. What were similarities and differences between the strategies and consequences of
imperial expansions between 1450 and 1750?
AP Big Picture Questions
®
1. The experience of empire for conquered peoples was broadly similar whoever their
rulers were. Does the material in this chapter support or challenge this idea?
2. In thinking about the similarities and differences among the empires of the early
modern era, what categories of comparison might be most useful to consider?
3. In the chapter maps, notice areas of the world not included in a major empire. Pick
an area and research what was happening there in the early modern era.
4. In what ways is the legacy of these early modern empires still visible in the early
twenty-first century?
5. Looking Back What patterns of empire building after 1450 had no precedents in the
period between 1200 and 1450?
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