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4. Which of the following features of civilizations between 1450 and 1750 provides the best con-
text for understanding this painting?
a. Conservative leaders frequently resisted the process of cultural syncretism.
b. Empires had to manage diversity as they expanded.
c. A process of decentralization distributed political power to smaller regions.
d. Most empires sponsored missionary efforts to disseminate their belief systems.
5. Which of the following characteristics of the Mughal Empire is supported by this image?
a. Its peaceful attempts to convert adherents of other religions to Islam
b. Its competition with the Ottoman Empire for being the defender of Sunni Islam
c. Its repeated attempts to obtain cooperation with its Shia Safavid neighbors
d. Its desire to promote cultural tolerance among its populations
6. This image best reflects which of the following continuities in world history?
a. The contact of various cultures through expanding networks of trade
b. The use of painting to establish doctrinal purity in religion
c. The use of art to serve the political agendas of rulers
d. The support for the arts by a thriving merchant class

Short-Answer Questions Read each question carefully and write a short response.
Use complete sentences.
1. Use this passage and your knowledge of world history to answer all parts of the question that
follows.
Regardless of the economic, political, and religious motives that inspired Spaniards to
colonize and control the Americas, their ability, as that of any empire, to impose their
policies was inextricably connected with the imperial center’s ability to establish
workable relations with two groups of people: the indigenous people who were
colonized, and the non-elite Spanish people who lived in the Americas as colonists. The
social integration and willing involvement of both groups was essential to the
maintenance of empire, and necessarily involved negotiation between the ideological
constructs that organized the social imperial effort, and the requirements and demands of
people in local settings.
— Kathleen Deagan, “Dynamics of Imperial Adjustment in Spanish America: Ideology and Social Integration,”
in Empires: Perspectives from Archeology and History, ed. Susan E. Alcock et al.
A. Identify ONE way in which the strategies of the Spanish Empire, as described above, were
different from the colonial strategies of other Europeans in North America.
B. Explain ONE strategy adopted by the Spanish in their quest to achieve the social integration
described above.
C. Explain a strategy for social integration, as described above, of ANOTHER empire in Afro-
Eurasia during the period 1450–1750.

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