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AMERICAN GOVERNMENT: WHat%u2019s insiDe tHe seConD eDition xxvNumerous opportunities to develop your skills Loads of AP %u00ae -style multiple-choice and free-response questions get you%u00a0ready%u00a0to%u00a0tackle the exam 164 CHaPteR 5 %u2022 the american Presidency5.2 Describe the roles of the president and explain how presidential power has expanded.REMEMBER %u2022 the office of the presidency is granted a set of formal and informal domestic powers, including the power to carry out the laws of the nation, make policy recommendations to Congress,%u00a0and%u00a0veto%u00a0legislation.%u2022 the office of the presidency is granted a set of formal and informal foreign powers, including the power to guide foreign policy and relations with foreign leaders, and serve as commander in chief of the military.%u2022 executive power is constitutionally limited by powers granted to Congress and the judiciary.KNOW %u2022 treaty: an agreement with a foreign government negotiated by the president and requiring a two-thirds vote in the senate to ratify. (p. 161)%u2022 State of the Union Address: the annual speech given by the president to Congress on the state of national affairs. (p. 162)%u2022 veto: constitutional formal presidential power to reject a bill that has passed both houses of Congress. (p.%u00a0162)%u2022 pocket veto: an informal veto that occurs when the president chooses not to sign a bill within ten days, during a time when Congress has adjourned at the end of a session. (p. 162)THINK Why is it often difficult for Congress to check the military power of the president, despite the formal checks provided in the Constitution? 5.2 Quantitative Analysis Section Review Use the graph to answer the questions. A. identify the area of foreign policy where respondents reported the most confidence in the Biden administration, based on the data in the graph. B. Describe a trend in the data regarding confidence in the Biden administration%u2019s handling of foreign policy. C. Draw a conclusion about a difference in levels of confidence in two different areas of foreign policy based on the data in the graph. D. explain how Congress can use its enumerated powers to check the president in foreign policy. % who are confident that Joe Biden can do each of the followingImprove relationships withour alliesDeal effectively with thethreat of terrorismDeal effectively withglobal climate changeMake good decisions aboutthe use of military forceMake good decisionsabout international tradeDeal effectively with ChinaNot at all Not tooSomewhat Very32 18% 14% 29% 38% 6739 22 17 34 26 6039 20 19 34 26 6040 23 17 30 29 5941 23 18 33 26 5946 26 20 34 19 53 Remember-Know-Think The rememberknow-think summary in each Section Review prompts you to reflect on the main ideas underlying the learning targets. 212 CHaPteR 6 %u2022 the Federal Judiciary SCOTUS Comparison 2. United States v. Nixon (1974) in United States v. Nixon (1974), 95 the supreme Court ruled against President nixon%u2019s claim that conversations in his White House office related to criminal conduct were protected by executive privilege. the Court reasoned: Deciding whether a matter has in any measure been committed by the Constitution%u00a0to another branch of government, or whether the action of that branch exceeds whatever authority has been committed, is itself a delicate exercise in constitutional interpretation, and is a responsibility of this Court as ultimate interpreter of the Constitution. . . . We therefore reaffirm that it is the province and duty of this Court %u201cto say what the law is%u201d with respect to the claim of privilege presented in this case. 96A. identify the constitutional principle that is common to both United States v. Nixon (1974) and Marbury v. Madison (1803). B. explain how the facts in United States v. Nixon and the facts in Marbury v. Madison led to similar holdings. C. Describe an action a president can take to limit the impact of a supreme Court decision. ARGUMENT ESSAY %u00a0 take a position on whether life terms for the supreme Court contribute to representative democracy. in your essay, Use at least one piece of evidence from one of the following foundational documents: %u2022 articles i and ii, Constitution of the United states %u2022 Federalist no. 78 %u2022 Brutus no. 1 In your response, you should do the following: %u2022 Respond to the prompt with a defensible claim or thesis that establishes a line of reasoning. %u2022 support your claim with at least tWo pieces of specific and relevant evidence.%u2022 one piece of evidence must come from one of the foundational documents listed above. %u2022 a second piece of evidence can come from any other foundational document not used as your first piece of evidence, or it may be from your knowledge of course concepts. %u2022 Use reasoning to explain why your evidence supports your claim or thesis. %u2022 Respond to an opposing or alternate perspective using refutation or rebuttal. APPLIED CIVICS PROJECT %u00a0 How Should the Court Decide? 1. Visit the supreme Court blog at http://www.scotusblog.com/case-files/petitions-were-watching/ . 2. look through the cases pending before the supreme Court and pick one that interests you. 3. Read the briefs filed by each side of the case. 4. Write an opinion paper explaining which side should win. Your paper should contain the following: A. an introductory paragraph explaining the facts of the case, the issue the Court was asked to resolve, and your analytical thesis statement about which side should win and why B. a paragraph summarizing the best arguments on your side of the case C. a paragraph summarizing the best arguments on the opposing side of the case D. a paragraph explaining why you believe one side of the case should win Plenty of practice with the Argument Essay In addition to coverage in the AP %u00ae Exam Practice and Section Reviews, Argument Essay prompts at the end of each chapter help you ace this important part of the exam. used as your first piece of evidence, or it may be from your knowledge of course Use reasoning to explain why your evidence supports your claim or thesis. Respond to an opposing or alternate perspective using refutation or rebuttal. Send a Message to Your Representative Most americans are not familiar with the positions and voting records of the members of Congress who represent them. Members of Congress want to hear from constituents so that they can effectively represent their interests. A. Go to https://www.house.gov and find your representative using the ZiP Code lookup feature. B. Click on the name of your representative, and then click %u201cissues.%u201d C. Research your representative%u2019s stance on an issue that matters to you. D. Write a draft of a message to your representative. 1. Your message should begin with %u201cDear Representative [name]%u201d as the salutation. 2. tell the representative who you are and why you are writing. 3. explain why the issue is important to you and why you support or oppose your representative%u2019s stance on the issue. Be factual and respectful. 4. Get to the point. limit your message to 200%u2013300 words. 5. ask your teacher to review and critique your message. 6. send your message (by email or submitted through the representative%u2019s website contact form), and evaluate your representative%u2019s response to help you decide whether or not to vote for them in the next election. APPLIED CIVICS PROJECT %u00a0 Applied Civics Projects extend your learning The AP %u00aecourse requires that you complete an Applied Civics project. Applied Civics projects at the end of each chapter and each unit provide opportunities for you to engage with course concepts in novel and creative ways. 164 CHaPteR 5 %u2022 the american Presidency5.2 Describe the roles of the president and explain how presidential power has expanded.REMEMBER %u2022 the office of the presidency is granted a set of formal and informal domestic powers, including the power to carry out the laws of the nation, make policy recommendations to Congress,%u00a0and%u00a0veto%u00a0legislation.%u2022 the office of the presidency is granted a set of formal and informal foreign powers, including the power to guide foreign policy and relations with foreign leaders, and serve as commander in chief of the military.%u2022 executive power is constitutionally limited by powers granted to Congress and the judiciary.KNOW %u2022 treaty: an agreement with a foreign government negotiated by the president and requiring a two-thirds vote in the senate to ratify. (p. 161)%u2022 State of the Union Address: the annual speech given by the president to Congress on the state of national affairs. (p. 162)%u2022 veto: constitutional formal presidential power to reject a bill that has passed both houses of Congress. (p.%u00a0162)%u2022 pocket veto: an informal veto that occurs when the president chooses not to sign a bill within ten days, during a time when Congress has adjourned at the end of a session. (p. 162)THINK Why is it often difficult for Congress to check the military power of the president, despite the formal checks provided in the Constitution? 5.2 Quantitative Analysis Section Review Use the graph to answer the questions. A. identify the area of foreign policy where respondents reported the most confidence in the Biden administration, based on the data in the graph. B. Describe a trend in the data regarding confidence in the Biden administration%u2019s handling of foreign policy. C. Draw a conclusion about a difference in levels of confidence in two different areas of foreign policy based on the data in the graph. D. explain how Congress can use its enumerated powers to check the president in foreign policy. % who are confident that Joe Biden can do each of the followingImprove relationships withour alliesDeal effectively with thethreat of terrorismDeal effectively withglobal climate changeMake good decisions aboutthe use of military forceMake good decisionsabout international tradeDeal effectively with ChinaNot at all Not tooSomewhat Very32 18% 14% 29% 38% 6739 22 17 34 26 6039 20 19 34 26 6040 23 17 30 29 5941 23 18 33 26 5946 26 20 34 19 53 Mini-exams cap each chapter Every%u00a0chapter ends with a set of AP %u00ae -style practice items %u2014 ten multiple-choice questions, two freeresponse questions, and an Argument Essay. These questions were written and vetted by AP %u00ae teachers deeply familiar with the format of the exam, and reflect the question types and style that you will encounter in May. In addition, each review ends with a free-response question modeled on the four question types you%u2019ll see in the exam: Concept Application, Quantitative Analysis, SCOTUS Comparison, and Argument Essay. Chapter 4 Review AP%u00ae KEY CONCEPTS%u00a0%u2022 pork barrel spending ( p. 108 ) %u2022 logrolling ( p. 108 ) %u2022 oversight ( p. 108 ) %u2022 constituency ( p. 111 ) %u2022 apportionment ( p. 111 ) %u2022 redistricting ( p. 112 ) %u2022 malapportionment ( p. 113 ) %u2022 gerrymandering ( p. 113 ) %u2022 majority-minority districts ( p. 115 ) %u2022 incumbency ( p. 116 ) %u2022 incumbency advantage ( p. 117 ) %u2022 Speaker of the House ( p. 120 ) %u2022 political action committee (PAC) ( p. 120 ) %u2022 House majority leader ( p. 120 ) %u2022 whip ( p. 120 ) %u2022 minority leader ( p. 120 ) %u2022 Senate majority leader ( p. 121 ) %u2022 committee chair ( p. 121 ) %u2022 conference committee ( p. 122 ) %u2022 discharge petition ( p. 126 ) %u2022 House Rules Committee ( p. 127 ) KNOW %u2022 delegate role : the idea that the main duty of a member of Congress is to vote according to their constituents%u2019 wishes. ( p. 135 ) %u2022 trustee role : the idea that members of Congress should make decisions based on their own knowledge and judgment. ( p. 135 ) %u2022 politico role : representation where members of Congress balance their choices with the interests of their constituents and parties in making decisions. ( p. 135 ) %u2022 bipartisanship : agreement between the parties to work together in Congress to pass legislation. ( p.%u00a0140 ) %u2022 gridlock : a slowdown or halt in Congress%u2019s ability to legislate and overcome divisions, especially those based on partisanship. ( p. 140 ) %u2022 divided government : control of the presidency and one or both chambers of Congress split between the two major parties. ( p. 140 ) %u2022 lame duck period : period at the end of a presidential term when Congress may block presidential initiatives and nominees. ( p. 140 ) THINK What is more important in policymaking %u2014 descriptive or substantive representation? Why? 4.6 Concept Application Under the system of government designed by James Madison, the power of the national government is limited. Gridlock is a feature of our system of checks and balances, and it was basically built into the Constitution. But, though the Founding Fathers wanted to limit the passions of the majority, they also wanted the government to be able to take action in an efficient and deliberate manner. even though %u201cgridlock%u201d is a negative term, the inability of Congress and the president to agree on legislation results in stability, which many people support. Gridlock is only negative from the perspective of a member of Congress when a policy they support is blocked. if a member of Congress is against a piece of legislation, then gridlock can be positive from their perspective. Gridlock is an awkward term used when members of Congress can%u2019t compromise and move legislation forward. it is important for people who study politics to understand how gridlock can be an obstacle to a functioning government, but gridlock can also prevent the passage of legislation that is not well considered. 97 after reading the scenario please to respond to a, B, and C belo A. Describe the viewpoint about the Founding Fathers conveyed in the scenario. B. in the context of the scenario, explain why the Constitution leads to gridlock. C. explain how Congress can overcome gridlock and pass legislation. Chapter 4 Review 141be an obstacle to a functioning government, but gridlock can also prevent the passage of legislation that is not well considered. after reading the scenario please to respond to a, B, and C belo Describe the viewpoint about the Founding Fathers conveyed in the scenario. in the context of the scenario, explain why the Constitution leads to gridlock. explain how Congress can overcome gridlock and pass legislation. Chapter 8 Review 283 9. In situations where there is an imminent danger to the public, like suspected terrorist attacks%u2026officers are given some leeway to continue interrogation. Even if the person has invoked their . . . rights, their responses may still be admissible in court. 118%u2014 Christopher Coble, %u201c3 Exceptions to the Miranda Rule,%u201d FindLaw Blotter , December 27, 2017 the excerpt describes an example of which of the following? A. the balance between state police powers and federal laws protecting national security B. the government%u2019s need to balance the rights of criminal defendants with public safety C. limitations on the privacy rights of suspected terrorists D. limitations on speech that presents a clear and present danger to the public FREE-RESPONSE QUESTIONS %u00a0 SCOTUS Comparison1. Rosenberger v. University of Virginia (1995) Ronald W. Rosenberger, a University of Virginia student, asked the University for $5,800 from a student activities fund to help pay for the cost of the publication Wide Awake: A Christian Perspective at the University of Virginia . the University refused to provide funding for the publication solely because it promoted religious beliefs. Rosenberger sued the University of Virginia. 119 the supreme Court ruled in favor of Rosenberger. A. identify the civil liberty that is common to both Rosenberger v. University of Virginia (1995) and Engel v. Vitale (1962). B. explain why the facts of Engel v. Vitale and the facts in Rosenberger v. University of Virginia led to different holdings. C. Describe an action that members of the public who disagree with the holding in Rosenberger v. University of Virginia could take to limit its impact. 10. Which two constitutional principles are relevant to the data shown in the map? A. Checks and balances and due process B. Judicial review and natural rights C. separation of powers and civil rights D. Federalism and civil liberties as of november 2023. Data from the Death Penalty information Center.Status of Death Penalty by State, 2024NVIDMTWYUTKSOKMOARLAMS AL GATNKY MDDE WVNCSCTXHINM AZNE IASDNDMNWIIL IN OH NJNYMEMACTVTNHRIAK FLMICOWAORCA VAPADeath penaltyDeath penalty statusNo death penaltyGovernor-imposedmoratoriumDCQuestion 10 refers to the map. Under the system of government designed by James Madison, the power of the national government is limited. Gridlock is a feature of our system of checks and balances, and it was basically built into the Constitution. But, though the Founding Fathers wanted to limit the passions of the majority, they also wanted the government to be able to take action in an efficient and even though %u201cgridlock%u201d is a negative term, the inability of Congress and the president to agree on legislation results in stability, which many people support. Gridlock is only negative from the perspective of a member of Congress when a policy they support is blocked. if a member of Congress is against a piece of legislation, then gridlock can be positive from their perspective. Gridlock is an awkward term used when members of Congress can%u2019t compromise and move legislation forward. it is important for people who study politics to understand how gridlock can be an obstacle to a functioning government, but gridlock can also prevent the passage of legis- Rosenberger v. University of Virginia (1995)Ronald W. Rosenberger, a University of Virginia student, asked the University for $5,800 from a student activities fund to help pay for the cost of the publication Wide Awake: A Christian . the University refused to provide funding for the publication solely because it promoted religious beliefs. Rosenberger sued the University of 20 CHaPteR 1 %u2022 american Government and PoliticsQuestion 9 refers to the cartoon. tim o%u2019Brien/www.cartoonstock.com 9. the cartoon expresses which of the following viewpoints? A. Politicians tend to be more focused on public opinion than policy. B. it%u2019s hard to define %u201clife, liberty and pursuit of happiness.%u201d C. the members of the Continental Congress were old and feeble. D. the Constitution was written by the wealthy and well-educated. 7. Which of the following describes a republican government? A. the power of government is clearly specified in the Constitution. B. a social contract exists between the government and the people. C. Representatives are elected to carry out the will of the people. D. Citizens have the opportunity to vote directly on policies. Question 8 refers to this quote from the Declaration and Resolves of the First Continental Congress, acting on behalf of the American colonists, dated October 14, 1774. Our ancestors, who first settled these colonies, were at the time of their emigration from the mother country, entitled to all the rights, liberties, and immunities of free annatural-born subjects, within the realm of England. . . . By such emigration they by nomeans forfeited, surrendered, or lost any of those rights, but that they were, and theirdescendants now are, entitled to the exercise and enjoyment of all such of them, as thlocal and other circumstances enable them to exercise and enjoy. . . . The foundation of English liberty, and of all free government, is a right in the people to participate in their legislative council: and as the English colonists are not represented, and from thlocal and other circumstances, cannot properly be represented in the British parliamenthey are entitled to a free and exclusive power of legislation in their several provincialegislatures, where their right of representation can alone be preserved, in all cases of taxation and internal polity. 20 8. the quote makes which of the following arguments? A. england was the mother country of the american colonists. B. the British parliament must continue to have the exclusive power to make laws. C. the colonists were entitled to the rights of english subjects. D. the right to emigrate must remain the foundation of english liberty. %u00a9 Bedford, Freeman & Worth Publishers. For review purposes only. Do not distribute.