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Museum Narodowe, Poznan, Poland/Bridgeman Images this sample.

Bedford, Freeman & Worth Publishers.
Worth Publishers.

For review purposes only. Not for redistribution.
Uncorrected proofs have been used in

members in the fields or the shop. During the search of food and employment, and they sometimes
sixteenth century, rising population, combined with engaged in violent riots and revolts. City, church,
by Bedford, Freeman &
a flood of silver from the New World, led to steep and village leaders attempted to enforce public order
inflation, which hit the poor especially hard as food by prohibiting begging, punishing vagabonds, trying
prices increased far more than wages. Then in the witches, and outlawing activities judged immoral,
seventeenth century a period of colder and wetter and people also used less formal means to enforce
weather led to poor yields and recurrent famine, just community norms, such as shaming rituals, gossip,
as rulers were increasing taxes to pay for larger armies and accusations of dishonor. (Chapter 1: The Later
and large landowners were switching to less Middle Ages; Chapter 2: European Society in the Renaissance;
Copyright ©
labor-intensive commercialized agriculture. Overbur- Chapter 3: European Exploration and Conquest; Chapter 4:
dened peasants and the urban poor migrated in Reformations and Religious Wars)
Distributed

The Reformations and the Wars of Religion
AP® TOPICS 2.1, 2.2, 2.3, 2.4, 2.5

In early-sixteenth-century Europe a wide range of the Catholic Church in a movement that became
people had grievances with the church and called known as the Protestant Reformation. Even more
for reform, including educated urban residents, radical concepts of the Christian message, such as
Christian humanists, and even some church those espoused by Anabaptists, became linked to
officials. This widespread dissatisfaction helps calls for social change. Luther’s ideas appealed to
explain why the ideas of Martin Luther, a German many local rulers in the Holy Roman Empire, and
university professor and Augustinian friar, found a though Emperor Charles V, a vigorous defender of
ready audience. Luther criticized many practices Catholicism, sent troops against Protestants, he
and doctrines of the church and emphasized the could not defeat them, and the empire became
importance of faith alone in salvation. Within a religiously divided. England broke with the
decade of his first publishing his ideas (using the Catholic Church largely because King Henry VIII
new technology of the printing press), much of wanted a son to succeed him. Henry’s daughter
central Europe and Scandinavia had broken with Elizabeth established new religious institutions that

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