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Module 8 Review

8-1 Ho w do w e describe the age struc tur • Understanding the characteristics of different social
8-1 How do we describe the age structure e
of a population? generations helps us predict economic and social
of a population?
trends.
• Age structure refers to the shares of various age
groups in the total population. We may use five-year 8-3
8-3
What is the sex ratio of a population?
groupings or three large groups: pre-reproductive, W ha t is the se x r a tio of a popula tion?
reproductive, and post-reproductive. • Sex ratio is the numerical ratio of males to females
• Age structure affects future population growth, labor in the population.
supply, dependency ratios, demand for services, and • Unbalanced sex ratios may be caused by cultural
economic growth. preferences for males, gender-selective migration,
• The dependency ratio is the number of dependents and war. They can have serious social consequences.
per 100 working-age people.
• The youth dependency ratio is the number of young
8-4
What can a population pyramid be
dependents (under age 15) per 100 working-age 8-4 W ha t can a popula tion p yr amid be
used for?
people. The elderly dependency ratio is the number used for?
of elderly dependents (ages 65 and older) per 100 • A population pyramid illustrates the age-sex struc-
working-age individuals.
ture of a population based on five-year age groupings.
8-2 What are the major social generations in tions in
8-2 W ha t ar e the major social gener a • The shape of a country’s or a place’s population pyr-
the United States?
the United States? amid can speak volumes about its past demographic
changes and its future.
• Generations are groups of people born around the same
time who share common cultural traits and values.

AP® Exam Practice Questions Preparing for the AP® Exam

Multiple-Choice Questions a. A decrease in the working-age population
b. The demographic effects of World War II
1. The population pyramid shown here is for Russia
in 2009. What could account for the deficit of men c. A lower-than-normal birth rate
over 60? d. A government campaign to reduce births
e. The use of contraceptives to control
Russia Population
90+ population
85–89
80–84
75–79
70–74
65–69 Males Females
60–64
55–59
50–54
45–49
40–44
35–39
30–34
25–29
20–24
15–19
10–14
5–9
0–4
6 3 0 3 6
Percent
Module 8 Population Composition 33
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