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240 PART 3 REVOLUTION AND REPUBLICAN CULTURE, 1754–1800

When a new legislature cancelled the grant, alleging fraud and bribery, speculators
who had purchased Yazoo lands appealed to the Supreme Court to uphold their titles.
Marshall did so by ruling that the legislative grant was a contract that could not be
revoked. His decision was controversial and far-reaching. It limited state power; bol-
stered vested property rights; and, by protecting out-of-state investors, promoted the
development of economic interests on a national scale.
The Court extended its defense of vested property rights in Dartmouth College

SKILLS & PROCESSES v. Woodward (1819). Dartmouth College was a private institution created by a royal
charter issued by King George III. In 1816, New Hampshire’s Republican legislature
CLAIMS AND EVIDENCE enacted a statute converting the school into a public university. The Dartmouth trust-
IN SOURCES ees opposed the legislation and hired Daniel Webster to plead their case. A renowned
Why do historians think the constitutional lawyer and a leading Federalist, Webster cited the Court’s decision in
decisions of the Marshall Court Fletcher v. Peck and argued that the royal charter was an unalterable contract. The
constitute a Federalist legacy?
Marshall Court agreed and upheld Dartmouth’s claims.

SKILLS & PROCESSES The Diplomacy of John Quincy Adams Even as John Marshall incorporated
important Federalist principles into the American legal system, voting citizens and
DEVELOPMENTS AND PROCESSES political leaders embraced the outlook of the Republican Party. The political career
How did the foreign policy initiatives of John Quincy Adams was a case in point. Although he was the son of Federalist
of John Quincy Adams expand
control over North America and president John Adams, John Quincy Adams had joined the Republican Party before
support an independent global the War of 1812. He came to national attention for his role in negotiating the Treaty of
presence for the United States? Ghent, which ended the war.
Adams then served brilliantly as secretary of state for two terms under James
Monroe (1817–1825). Ignoring Republican antagonism toward Great Britain, in
1817, Adams negotiated the Rush-Bagot Treaty, which limited American and British
naval forces on the Great Lakes. In 1818, he concluded another agreement with
Britain setting the forty-ninth parallel as the border between Canada and the lands
Adams-Onís Treaty of the Louisiana Purchase. Then, in the Adams-Onís Treaty of 1819, Adams per-
An 1819 treaty in which John Quincy Adams suaded Spain to cede the Florida territory to the United States (Map 7.5). In return,
persuaded Spain to cede the Florida territory the American government accepted Spain’s claim to Texas and agreed to a com-
to the United States. In return, the American
government accepted Spain’s claim to Texas promise on the western boundary for the state of Louisiana, which had entered the
and agreed to a compromise on the western Union in 1812.
boundary for the state of Louisiana.
Finally, Adams persuaded President Monroe to declare American national policy
with respect to the Western Hemisphere. At Adams’s behest, Monroe warned Spain
and other European powers to keep their hands off the newly independent republics
in Latin America. The American continents were not “subject for further coloniza-
tion,” the president declared in 1823 — a policy that thirty years later became known
Monroe Doctrine as the Monroe Doctrine. In return, Monroe pledged that the United States would
The 1823 declaration by President James not “interfere in the internal concerns” of European nations. Thanks to John Quincy
Monroe that the Western Hemisphere Adams, the United States had successfully asserted its diplomatic leadership in the
was closed to any further colonization
or interference by European powers. In Western Hemisphere and won international acceptance of its northern and western
exchange, Monroe pledged that the United boundaries.
States would not become involved in
European struggles. The appearance of political consensus after two decades of bitter party conflict
prompted observers to dub James Monroe’s presidency (1817–1825) the “Era of Good
Feeling.” This harmony was real but transitory. The Republican Party was now split
between the National faction, led by Clay and Adams, and the Jeffersonian faction,
soon to be led by Martin Van Buren and Andrew Jackson. The two groups differed
sharply over federal support for roads and canals and many other issues. As the aging
Jefferson himself complained, “You see so many of these new [National] republicans
maintaining in Congress the rankest doctrines of the old federalists.” This division
in the Republican Party would soon produce the Second Party System, in which
national-minded Whigs and state-focused Democrats would confront each other. By
the early 1820s, one cycle of American politics and economic debate had ended, and
another was about to begin.

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