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CHAPTER 7 Hammering Out a Federal Republic, 1787–1820 241

N
B RITIS H CAN AD A N. W E
MAINE
S
OREGON
AT L ANTI C
COUNTRY O CEAN

Treaty Lines
LOUISIANA U.S. and Britain, 1818
Adams-Onís Treaty, 1819
PURCHASE, 1803 U.S. and British Territory
UNITED S TATES, 1783
NEW SPAIN Disputed territory, Maine
(Mexico aˆer 1821) Joint occupation, Oregon
1818–1846
Cessions
Ceded by U.S.
NUEVO
MEXICO to Spain, 1818
A LTA CALIF O R N IA
Ceded by Britain
PA CIFI C to U.S., 1819
O CEAN SONORA TEJAS FLORIDA Land in Florida,
Y (Ceded to U.S. Occupied by U.S.
SINALOA by Spain, 1819)
NUEVA Gulf of Mexico 1810
VIZCAYA COAHUILA 1813
NUEVO 0 250 500 miles
SANTANDER 1819
0 250 500 kilometers
BAJA CA LI F ORN IA
MAPPING THE PAST
MAP 7.5 Defining the National Boundaries, 1800–1820
After the War of 1812, American diplomats negotiated treaties with Great Britain and Spain that
defined the boundaries of the Louisiana Purchase, with British Canada to the north and New Spain
(which in 1821 became the independent nation of Mexico) to the south and west. These treaties
eliminated the threat of border wars with neighboring states for a generation, giving the United States
a much-needed period of peace and security.

ANALYZING THE MAP: Look carefully at this map, which illustrates the territorial claims of the United
States, Great Britain, and Spain in North America. How does this map illustrate efforts of the United
States to claim territory throughout North America? How did this expansion influence relations with
Native American nations?
MAKING CONNECTIONS: This map puts the diplomatic achievements of John Quincy Adams in clear
perspective. How can the achievements of Adams’s administration be related to diplomatic efforts of
earlier American presidents?

SUMMARY

In this chapter, we traced four interrelated themes: public policy, westward expansion,
party politics, and the persistence of Federalist values in the actions of the Marshall
Court. We began by examining the contrasting public policies advocated by Alex-
ander Hamilton and Thomas Jefferson. A Federalist, Hamilton supported a strong
national government and created a fiscal infrastructure (the national debt, tariffs, and
a national bank) to spur trade and manufacturing. By contrast, Jefferson wanted to
preserve the authority of state governments, and he envisioned an America enriched
by farming rather than industry.
Jefferson and the Republicans promoted a westward movement that trans-
formed the agricultural economy and sparked new wars with Indian peoples.
Expansion westward also shaped American diplomatic and military policy, leading

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