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small clams to give the population a jump start. Within a
few years, the populations of shellfish began to show signs Critical Thinking Questions
of recovery, yet the bay remains challenged by the excess 1. What are the advantages of working to increase

inputs of nutrients. If the nutrient problem can be remedied, fish populations by leasing areas of the ocean and
TNC hopes to engage in sustainable harvesting over part of banning fishing in those areas versus leasing areas
this area and conduct research in the rest of it. and working with local commercial fishing boats to
TNC has similar projects under way off the coasts change fishing practices?
of Virginia, North Carolina, and Washington State. In

California, TNC has accumulated the rights to 10,000 ha 2. What are some of the challenges in getting commer-
(25,000 acres) of marine fisheries along the coast. Today, it cial fishing operations to change their practices?
has developed a collaborative program with local commer-
cial fishermen to collectively harvest fish and shellfish using References
sustainable practices, which includes reporting their catches California Fishermen, Once Blocked by Conservationists, Now Work
on an iPad app to help the TNC and its partners better assess with Them. Market Place, June 19, 2017. https://www.marketplace
fish abundance and fishing pressure. These fishermen can .org/2017/06/19/california-fishermen-once-blocked-conservationists
;
also post any information about areas of the ocean where -now-work-with-them/ Groundfish comeback brings to a close
they accidentally catch protected species, which helps other unprecedented collaboration between The Nature Conservancy, fisher-
fishing boats avoid these areas. One result is that the amount men, and California coastal communities. The Nature Conservancy.
September 19, 2019. https://www.nature.org/en-us/newsroom/
of unintended species caught, known as “bycatch,” has groundfish-comeback-closes-unprecedented-collaboration/ The Nature
;
declined from between 15 and 20 percent to only 1 percent. Conservancy. 2002. Leasing and Restoration of Submerged Lands: Strategies
;
In making these changes, TNC has found effective ways to for Community-Based, Watershed-Scale Conservation Partnership Pre-
continue the tradition of fishing that provides jobs to the serves Livelihoods and Fish Stocks. New York Times, November 27, 2011.
local communities while working to ensure that the fish https://www.nytimes.com/2011/11/28/science/earth/nature-
conservancy-partners-with-california-fishermen.html?_r%EF%80%BD0 .
populations persist long into the future.

Science Applied 2: Concept Explanation

How Should We Prioritize the

Protection of Species Diversity?

As a result of human activities, we have seen a widespread
decline in biodiversity across the globe. Many people agree
that we should try to slow or even stop this loss. But how
do we do this? While we might want to preserve all bio-
diversity, preserving biodiversity requires compromises. For
example, in order to preserve the biodiversity of an area, we
might have to set aside land that would otherwise be used
for housing, shopping malls, or strip mines. If we cannot
preserve all biodiversity, how do we decide which species

receive our attention? ( FIGURE SA2.1 )
In 1988, Oxford University professor Norman Myers
noted that much of the world’s biodiversity is concentrated
in areas that make up a relatively small fraction of the globe.
Part of the reason for this uneven pattern of biodiversity is

FIGURE SA2.1 The California tiger salamander ( Ambystoma
californiense ). This salamander is endemic to the biodiversity

hotspot of California and is threatened with extinction due to
habitat destruction and the introduction of non-native predators.
(US Air Force Photo/Alamy Stock Photo)

164 UNIT 2 ■ The Living World: Biodiversity
Uncorrected proofs have been used in this sample.
Copyright © Bedford, Freeman & Worth Publishers.
Distributed by Bedford, Freeman & Worth Publishers. Not for redistribution.

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