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4. Which statement best describes the forest communities Use the photo below to answer questions 10 & 11:
within each state represented in the table?
(a) Pennsylvania has the highest species richness;
Connecticut has the highest species evenness.
(b) Connecticut and Pennsylvania have equal species
richness; Georgia has the highest species evenness.
(c) Georgia and Pennsylvania have equal species richness;
Georgia has the highest species evenness.
(d) Connecticut and Pennsylvania have equal species rich-
ness; Connecticut has the highest species evenness.
5. According to the data in the table, in which state would
the forest communities be least vulnerable to environmen-
tal disturbances?
(a) Georgia, because it has the highest species richness,
which increases the resistance of an ecosystem
(b) Connecticut, because it has the highest species even-
ness, which increases the resistance of an ecosystem (Cavan Images/Alamy Stock Photo)
(c) Pennsylvania, because it has the highest species even-
ness, which increases the resistance of an ecosystem 10. Which sequence of secondary succession would be likely
(d) Connecticut, because it has the highest species rich- to occur after the disturbance shown in the photo above?
ness, which increases the resistance of an ecosystem (a) bare soil, lichens, mosses, grasses, deciduous trees
6. A dramatic decline in genetic diversity could best be (b) bare rock, lichens, mosses, grasses, shrubs, mixed
explained by which of the following? shade- and sunlight-tolerant trees
(a) genetic drift, because genotypes are lost quickly (c) bare soil, grasses and wildflowers, shrubs, sunlight-
within large populations tolerant trees, shade-tolerant trees
(b) the founder effect, because species need to migrate to (d) bare rock, grasses and wildflowers, lichens, mosses,
other areas and are always able to do so quickly shrubs, coniferous trees
(c) mutations, because random changes in genotypes 11. Which statement about ecological succession is correct?
reduces genetic diversity (a) Secondary succession begins in a community lacking
(d) the bottleneck effect, because the number of individ- soil.
uals in the gene pool are rapidly reduced (b) Terrestrial succession is not influenced by competi-
For questions 7–9, use the following answer choices. Choices may tion for limiting resources such as available soil mois-
ture, sunlight, and nutrients.
be used once, more than once, or not at all.
(c) In forest succession, more shade-tolerant trees replace
(a) allopatric speciation less shade-tolerant trees.
(b) sympatric speciation (d) Forest fires and hurricanes lead to primary succession
(c) fundamental niche because a soil base still exists.
(d) realized niche 12. The theory of island biogeography suggests that species
7. Two fish species in a single lake evolve from a single ances- richness is increased by which of the following factors?
tor that once lived in the lake. This is a description of a(n) (a) larger islands, because there are more available niches
____________. (b) smaller islands, because there are more available
resources
8. The range of abiotic and biotic conditions under (c) larger islands, because there is increased competition
which a species actually lives is the definition of a(n) for space
____________. (d) smaller islands, because there are more niche specialists

9. A stream divides a single turtle population into two iso- 13. Which combination of factors would result in the highest
lated populations that evolve into two species. This biodiversity?
describes a(n)____________. (a) a small island that is also close to a continent
(b) a large island that is also close to a continent
(c) a small island that is also distant from a continent
(d) a large island that is also distant from a continent

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AP Environmental Science Practice Exam 169
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