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14. Which is correct regarding keystone species? Read the following article written for a local newspaper to answer
(a) Keystone species cannot be mutualists with other questions 19–21:
species.
(b) Keystone species are often abundant in a community. Neighbors Voice Opposition to Proposed Clear-
(c) Keystone species are most likely to be commensalists. Cutting
(d) Some keystone species are habitat engineers. A heated discussion took place last night at the monthly
meeting of the Fremont Zoning Board. Local landowner
15. Which statement best describes the principles of island
biogeography? Julia Taylor has filed a request that her 150-acre wood-
(a) A larger protected area should contain fewer available land area be rezoned from residential to multiuse in order
niches. to allow her to remove all of the timber from the site.
(b) Protected areas that are closer together should con- “This is my land, and I should be able to use it as
tain fewer species. I see fit,” explained Ms. Taylor. “In due course, all of
(c) National parks can be thought of as islands of the trees will return and everything will go back to the
biodiversity. same as it is now. The birds and the squirrels will still be
(d) A larger protected area will have fewer habitats. there in the future. I have to sell the timber because I
need the extra revenue to supplement my retirement as
Use the following passage to answer questions 16–18: I am on a fixed income. I don’t see what all the fuss is
about,” she commented.
The giant kangaroo rat lives in semiarid climates such as A group of owners of adjacent properties see things
the Carrizo Plain in the Central Valley region of California, very differently. Their spokesperson, Ethan Jared,
where they prefer to forage during nighttime hours in the argued against granting a change in the current zoning.
summer months when the temperature is more favorable. “Ms. Taylor has allowed the community to use these
The giant kangaroo rats’ burrows provide shelter for squir- woods for many years, and we thank her for that. But
rels and lizards, and they forage on seeds and grasses in a dis- I hope that the local children will be able to hike and
tinctive circular pattern. Their predators include barn owls, explore the woods with their children as I have done
kit foxes, and badgers. with mine. Removing the trees in a clear-cut will dam-
age our community in many ways, and it could lead
16. The characteristics above best describe the giant kangaroo to contamination of the groundwater and streams and
rats’ affect many animal and plant species. Like the rest of
(a) habitat. us property owners, Ms. Taylor gets her drinking water
(b) fundamental niche. from a well, and I do not think she has really looked at
(c) range of tolerance. all the ramifications should her plan go through. We
(d) realized niche. strongly oppose the rezoning of this land — it has a
17. The giant kangaroo rat is an endangered species that is right to be left untouched.”
essential to its ecosystem, providing shelter for animals After more than 2 hours of debate between Ms.
and serving as prey for others, all while living in less than Taylor and many of the local residents, the chair of the
2 percent of its original range. This important role in their Zoning Board decided to research the points raised
community, despite their small population, makes the giant by the neighbors and report on his findings at next
kangaroo rat an example of a(n) month’s meeting.
(a) commensalist. 19. According to the author, Ms. Taylor is concerned that
(b) keystone species. which of the following ecosystem services provided by
(c) invasive species. her wooded area will be eliminated by the proposed clear-
(d) niche generalist. cutting?
18. The giant kangaroo rat currently lives in small, isolated (a) a cultural service (c) a regulating service
populations in the Central Valley of California. Which of (b) a provision (d) a supporting service
the following best explains why the giant kangaroo rat is 20. According to the author, Mr. Jared is interested in prevent-
likely to have low genetic variation? ing the clear-cutting to preserve which ecosystem service
(a) The populations experience sympatric speciation, the forest provides?
because they have been geographically isolated from (a) a cultural service (c) a regulating service
one another. (b) a provision (d) a supporting service
(b) The populations experience genetic drift, because
they have reduced gene flow between populations. 21. According to the author, in addition to issues surround-
(c) The populations experience artificial selection, ing ecosystem services, what additional problem may be
because humans continue to fragment their habitats caused by the clear-cutting project?
through agriculture. (a) loss of space for housing projects
(d) The populations experience the founder effect, (b) an increase in the population of Fremont
because they are separating themselves into new, (c) the loss of habitat for local species
smaller populations. (d) the contamination of well water

170 UNIT 2 ■ The Living World: Biodiversity
Uncorrected proofs have been used in this sample.
Copyright © Bedford, Freeman & Worth Publishers.
Distributed by Bedford, Freeman & Worth Publishers. Not for redistribution.

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