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110 PERIOD 2 Colonial America amid Global Change: 1607–1754

shall be Graciously pleased to Command the Service of the Mohawks, and
other Nations of the Western Indians that are in friendship . . . with your . . .
These sample pages are distributed by Bedford, Freeman & Worth Publishers.
[Majesty’s] Several Governments, [t]hey would with the Blessing of God in
Short time [destroy] or Reclaim them, and prevent the Incursions made upon
us from Canada or the East.”

Questions for Analysis
Copyright (c) 2024 Bedford, Freeman & Worth Publishers.
1. Identify Oliver’s proposed solution to American Indian raids in Massachusetts.
2. Describe the tactics employed by American Indians and their French allies in this
Strictly for use with its products. NOT FOR REDISTRIBUTION.
excerpt.
3. Explain how this document reveals the connection between mercantilism and con-
flicts in the Americas during the late 1600s and early 1700s.

After more than a decade of savage fighting, Queen Anne’s War ended in 1713 with
the Treaty of Utrecht, which aimed to secure a lasting peace by balancing the interests
of the great powers in Europe and their colonial possessions. Although the Treaty of
Utrecht was intended to bring peace by establishing a balance of power, imperial con-
flict continued to escalate. England benefited the most in North America as France sur-
rendered Newfoundland, Nova Scotia, and the Hudson Bay territory to England, while
Spain granted control of St. Kitts in the West Indies, Gibraltar, and Minorca as well as
the right to sell African slaves in its American colonies.
Yet neither the treaty nor Britain’s gains prevented further conflict. Indeed, Spain,
France, and Britain all strengthened fortifications along their North American borders.

REVIEW

■ How were King William’s War and Queen Anne’s War similar, and in
what ways did they differ?

Imperial Conflicts on the
Southern Frontier

King George’s War From 1739 to 1748, England and Spain fought yet another war — King George’s War —
A war from 1739 to 1748 in North America. It started with Spanish anger at the founding in 1732 of the English
between France, Spain, and colony of Georgia by King George II (reigned 1727–1760). Tensions between the two
England fought in North nations grew, and in August 1739, they erupted into violence. The Spanish navy cap-
America. King George’s War
secured Georgia for the tured English ship captain Robert Jenkins, who was trading illegally in the Spanish
English, although Louisbourg West Indies, and punished him by cutting off one of his ears. In response, Great Britain
was ceded to the French in attacked the Spanish colony of St. Augustine (in present-day Florida) and Cartagena (in
return. present-day Colombia). In 1742 Spain sent troops into Georgia, but the colonial militia
pushed back the attack.
This American war, also known as the War of Jenkins’s Ear, became part of a more
general European conflict, the War of Austrian Succession. Once again, France and
Spain joined forces. By the time the war ended in 1748, the British had successfully
defended the future of Georgia and reaffirmed their military superiority. The British vic-
tory cost the lives of many colonial settlers and soldiers, however, and some colonists
began to wonder whether their interests and those of the crown were truly the same.
King William’s War (1689–1697), Queen Anne’s War (1702–1713), and King
George’s War (1739–1748) had all failed to settle the contest for supremacy in North

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