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next to seeing a living creature in the flesh, hearing it, smelling
Probably the most
important point he
it, watching what it does and having the time to absorb details.
makes about how
That alone will bring a greater understanding and perspective
educating people at
to many and hopefully give them a greater appreciation for
zoos will benefit the
animals in the long
wildlife, conservation efforts and how they can contribute.
run.
All of that comes before the actual direct education that can
take place through signs, talks and the like that can directly
communicate information about the animals they are seeing
and their place in the world. This was an area where zoos were
previously poor and are now increasingly sophisticated in
their communication and outreach work. Many zoos also work
directly to educate conservation workers in foreign countries
or send keepers abroad to contribute their knowledge and
skills to zoos and preserves helping to improve conditions and
reintroductions all over the world.
Understanding and Keeping Track of Sources
After reading and annotating the text, it’s important to write a brief summary of the 4
text, so that later, when you begin using the source in your own writing, you will have
an easy way to keep track of the different perspectives you will encounter about the
topic. A summary of this text might look like this:
The author, while acknowledging that some zoos do provide poor care for their
animals, believes that a well-run zoo is beneficial for animals and their visitors. The
animals often have advantages of food and medical care that their counterparts in the
The brief, engaging Activities throughout these chapters are perhaps the most
wild do not have, and people who visit zoos learn a lot about animals that make them
important learning tools, giving students regular opportunities to apply what they’ve
more willing to engage in conservation activities in the future.
learned, exchange ideas with peers, and deepen understanding.
In addition to helping identify the key points for the summary, the annotations above
also identify several passages that could be used as evidence to support a position 2
completely outside of the Underworld. This image captures the moment when Orpheus
about the importance of zoos. gives in to temptation and looks backward, and as a result, Eurydice must return to
the Underworld. With this context, we could probably draw an interpretation about the
dangers of wanting something so much that desire overpowers reason and patience.
Analyzing Sources Orpheus’s desperate expression upon realizing his mistake and watching Eurydice
activity
being dragged back into the Underworld by specters supports this interpretation.
Choose one of the most credible sources that you located for the activity on page 102 . Reading for Interpretation
Read or reread the source carefully, annotating key points and highlighting sections
Read or reread the source carefully, annotating key points and highlighting sections
that seem promising as direct quotations. Then, summarize the source in three to five
that seem promising as direct quotations. Then, summarize the source in three to five
sentences. Be sure to include the author, title, and other publication information. If you
sentences. Be sure to include the author, title, and other publication information. If you
need to review how to write a summary, see Chapter 2, page 31 .

need to review how to write a summary, see Chapter 2, page 31 .
Making an Interpretation of Fiction activity
Return to the short story “Alchemy” that you read on pages 37–38 and review the
summary that you wrote to demonstrate your understanding of that text. Now, reread
Throughout this chapter, we’ve been looking closely at sources and evaluating
the text and draw an interpretation about what the author, Carrie Vaughn, might be
suggesting about persistence. Afterward, compare your interpretation with that of a
their credibility, but we can’t lose sight of the fact that we use sources in our writing
classmate.
to better help us express our ideas and strengthen our arguments about a topic.
109
So far in this section, the examples have been about interpreting imaginative
texts — short stories, fairy tales, even paintings — but what about nonfiction? We don’t
Handy Academic Vocabulary features help students focus on key concepts and
use the term theme to refer to the meanings we draw from an opinion piece, a news-
terminology and review what they’ve learned after reading and working through the
paper article, or a chart. Instead, when we’re interpreting nonfiction, our job is to make
content. an inference about the author’s purpose: why did the author create this text, and what
ideas does the author hope to communicate to the audience?
3. They maintain very low standards of animal welfare.
4
For example, look at this excerpt from an article written by Garry Newman, the lead
The federal regulations for procuring an “animal exhibition” license are pathetically
developer of an online game called Rust that began assigning the race and gender of
low. Enclosures need to be barely large enough for an animal to stand up and turn
its players randomly, instead of allowing players to choose their own.
around inside them. It’s been estimated that inspectors who are hired to enforce
Locating and Evaluating Sources
Academic V
ocabulary
PREVIEWING PREVIEWING Academic Vocabulary Locating and Evaluating Sources
4
the federal Animal Welfare Act visit these facilities only about once a year. Roadside
4
In this section, you will encounter the following terms as you think about how to locate
In this section, you will encounter the following terms as you think about how to locate
zoos are often cited for violations, including failing to provide animals with
Wh
and evaluate sour ces. W orking individually or with a partner or small gry My Videogame Chooses Your Character’s
and evaluate sources. Working individually or with a partner or small group, consider
oup, consider
adequate veterinary care, dirty and unsanitary water receptacles, and other poor or
Using Sources
Guided Tour of Foundations of Language & Literature, Second Edition
what you already know about the meaning of each term.
what you already know about the meaning of each term. Race and Gender for You
dangerous living conditions.
1. Credibility 1. Credibility 5. Accuracy 5. Accuracy
Garry Newman
2. Currency 2. Currency 6. Bias 6. Bias
Using Sources
Using Sources
7. Objectivity
3. Relevance 3. Relevance 7. Objectivity Inevitably, there are people who like it and people who don’t. Some players have praised
REFLECTING ON Academic Vocabulary
Locating and Evaluating Sources
what we’re doing. Like us, they think that who you are in the game, your race and gender,
4. Authority 4. Authority
Working with a partner or small group, discuss the terms in this section and that you
makes no difference to the actual gameplay — and are happy to have the diversity. Others
previewed on page 100 and clarify your understanding of each. Then, share what you
aren’t so positive. They feel that playing a gender or race that doesn’t match their own is
learned about locating and evaluating sources. What did you find helpful, relevant,
detrimental to their enjoyment. . . .
Think about the sources that McKie uses in his piece about zoos. Are they
Think about the sour ces that McKie uses in his piece about zoos. Ar e they unnecessary, redundant, and so on?
Here’s one of the many messages we’ve received from disgruntled male players: “Why
credible? He cites David Attenbor ough; if you’r e unfamiliar with that name, a little
credible? He cites David Attenborough; if you’re unfamiliar with that name, a little
won’t you give the player base an option to choose their gender? I just want to play the
research will tell you that Attenbor ough is a world-famous documentarian who is
research will tell you that Attenborough is a world-famous documentarian who is
game and have a connection to the character like most other games I play. Not have some
widely respected in his field. McKie also cites people whom he identifies as the
widely respected in his field. McKie also cites people whom he identifies as the
political movement shoved down my throat because you make the connection [that] we
Understanding and Keeping Track of Sources
directors of zoos and nonpr ofit or ganizations cr eated to pr omote animal welfar e. Did
directors of zoos and nonprofit organizations created to promote animal welfare. Did
can’t choose our gender in reality so let’s make it like that in game too.”
you believe these sources when you read them? Probably so, because McKie clearly
you believe these sour ces when you r ead them? Pr obably so, because McKie clearly
Once you’ve identified some credible sources, what do you do next? Whether you
identifies their expertise. They are authoritative and knowledgeable, and therefore,
identifies their expertise. They ar e authoritative and knowledgeable, and ther efor e, 43
likely credible. likely credible. have searched for and identified your own sources or you’re working with sources that
As you investigate almost any topic, you’ll find that there is an almost overwhelming
have been provided for you, this step-by-step process will help you understand each
As you investigate almost any topic, you’ll find that ther e is an almost overwhelming
amount of information in the world. One thing to keep in mind as you conduct yours information and pull out key ideas that you can use in your own writing.
source’
amount of information in the world. One thing to keep in mind as you conduct your
research is that information and ideas often come from a few different types of sources,
research is that information and ideas often come fr om a few dif fer ent types of sour ces,
1. Read critically, but objectively. Particularly on your first time through, read as
which we’ve listed below in order of credibility. Approach every source skeptically, even
which we’ve listed below in or der of cr edibility . Appr oach every sour ce skeptically , even
objectively as possible. That means that while you read critically and carefully, you
those we identify below as “extr emely cr edible,” but appr oach those that would appear
those we identify below as “extremely credible,” but approach those that would appear
reserve judgment on the opinions being expressed. Your focus at this point is to
at the end of this list with extreme caution — or not at all.
at the end of this list with extr eme caution — or not at all.
understand the perspective of the writer, researcher, or artist.
2. Note phrases or sections that seem especially important or are stated with
vivid language. You will not be able to quote or refer to everything that strikes
Type of Source Type of Source Description Description Credibility Level Credibility Level
you, but your annotation skills should help you identify material for effective
Scholarly and scientific ces are written by experts in the field,
Extremely
Scholarly and scientific These sour These sources are written by experts in the field, Extremely
following rigorous research standards. They undergo credible credible quotations and the nuggets of information or evidence that define the perspective
research research following rigorous research standards. They undergo
peer review, which means they ar e r eviewed and the source represents. Review the suggestions for annotation in Chapter 2 on
peer review, which means they are reviewed and
approved by other experts in the field. page 20 .
approved by other experts in the field.
Major magazines, Major magazines, These sources have large national audiences and Highly credible
ge national audiences and
These sources have lar
Highly credible
3. Keep track of information to document the source. As you work with the source,
newspapers, websites,
oad cultural and political
newspapers, websites, often represent br often represent broad cultural and political
and books and books perspectives. Pieces are often written by experts or take note of the following:
perspectives. Pieces are often written by experts or
•
journalists who ar journalists who are highly informed on the topic. Title of the work
e highly informed on the topic.
Ideally, the work is thor oughly r esear ched accor ding • Place where it appeared (a book, a periodical, a website)
Ideally, the work is thoroughly researched according
to rigorous journalistic standar Uncorrected proofs have been used in this sample.
to rigorous journalistic standards. The work is often
ds. The work is often
• Name(s) of author(s)
Copyright © Bedford, Freeman & Worth Publishers.
reviewed and appr reviewed and approved by experts. • Date of publication
oved by experts.
Minor magazines, Minor magazines, Regional, local, and special interest publications Sometimes Sometimes
Regional, local, and special interest publications
Distributed by Bedford, Freeman & Worth Publishers.
• Page number on which it is found, if a print text
newspapers, websites, sometimes have very high standards, but sometimes credible credible
newspapers, websites, sometimes have very high standards, but sometimes
For review purposes only. Not for redistribution.
they sacrifice objectivity in order to appeal to a
and books and books they sacrifice objectivity in order to appeal to a
106
specific viewpoint. With this type of source, be sure
specific viewpoint. With this type of sour ce, be sur e
to read critically and assess cr edibility .
to read critically and assess credibility.
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