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CONTENTS xiiiAlcohol: A Depressant 140Stimulants 144Hallucinogens 147Opioids 148Marijuana 149Prevention 151 Module 9 Summary and Assessment 153PILLAR 2Development and Learning 156Module 10Prenatal and Childhood Development 157The Beginnings of Life 158Physical Development in Infancy and Childhood 161Cognitive Development in Infancy and Childhood 164Three Key Developmental Issues 175 Module 10 Summary and Assessment 176Module 11Adolescence 179What Is Adolescence? 179Physical Development in Adolescence 181Cognitive Development in Adolescence 183Social Development in Adolescence 186Three Key Developmental Issues 192 Module 11 Summary and Assessment 193Module 12Adulthood and Aging 195Early Adulthood Transitions and the Social Clock 196Physical Changes and Transitions 198Cognitive Changes and Transitions 201PSYCHOLOGY IN THE REAL WORLD: Ageism 206 Module 12 Summary and Assessment 208Module 13Language Development 211Building Blocks of Language 212Language Acquisition 214THINKING LIKE A PSYCHOLOGICAL SCIENTIST: Animal Language 215Language Stages 217 Module 13 Summary and Assessment 219Module 14Classical Conditioning 221Experiencing Classical Conditioning 222Components of Classical Conditioning 223Classical Conditioning Processes 225Ivan Pavlov%u2019s Discovery 226Generalization and Discrimination 228John Watson and the Classical Conditioning of Emotions 230THINKING LIKE A PSYCHOLOGICAL SCIENTIST: What Ever Happened to Little Albert? 232Cognition and Biological Predispositions 234 Module 14 Summary and Assessment 236Module 15Operant Conditioning 239The Nature of Operant Conditioning 239The Law of Effect 240THINKING LIKE A PSYCHOLOGICAL SCIENTIST: B. F. Skinner 242Reinforcement 244Punishment 247Reinforcement Procedures 249Schedules of Reinforcement 252New Understandings of Operant Conditioning 255 Module 15 Summary and Assessment 258Module 16Observational Learning 260The Nature of Observational Learning 261PSYCHOLOGY IN THE REAL WORLD: Neurodiversity 264Observational Learning in Everyday Life 265Observational Learning of Violence From the Media 266 Module 16 Summary and Assessment 268PILLAR 3Cognition 270Module 17Perception 271Gestalt Organizational Principles 271Depth Perception 274PSYCHOLOGY IN THE REAL WORLD: Motion Perception 279Perceptual Constancy 280%u00a9 Bedford, Freeman & Worth Publishers. For review purposes only. Do not distribute.