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Prenatal and Childhood Development MODULE 10 175Three Key Developmental Issues10-5 What are the three major issues developmental psychologists debate regarding infant and child development?We have looked at some of the important research on physical, cognitive, social, and emotional development during infancy and childhood. We can view this research on development in terms of three important issues: continuity and stages; stability and change; and nature and nurture. Here%u2019s what the experts have to say about these issues.Continuity and StagesHow is our development continuous, and how do we develop in stages? In some areas, such as attachment, development is a continuous process. Cognitive development is also more continuous than stage-like. But in other areas%u2014such as motor development, where milestones are more easily viewed%u2014we clearly pass through stages.Stability and ChangeWhat remains stable across our development, and how do we change? Clearly, we change physically, cognitively, and socially as we grow up. On the other end of the spectrum, temperament is relatively stable throughout the life span. Fortunately, change is possible for infants from neglectful backgrounds who move into more nurturing homes if the move takes place early enough in the child%u2019s life.MAKE IT STICK!1. Stranger anxiety typically starts to show in children of about what age?a. Birthb. 2 yearsc. Stranger anxiety does not exist.d. 8 months2. Which of the following statements is true about children who are securely attached to their primary caregiver?a. They are more socially competent than insecurely attached children.b. Deprivation of attachment is linked to positive outcomes.c. A responsive environment does not help infants recover from attachment disruption.d. Securely attached children tend to lack confidence and lack persistence when solving problems.3. What kind of parenting is characterized by meeting a child%u2019s physical needs but remaining distant emotionally?a. Authoritarianb. Authoritativec. Permissived. Neglectful4. Parents who want to increase the likelihood of their children developing secure attachments to them should pay most attention toa. the concrete operational stage.b. their own responsiveness.c. imprinting shortly after birth.d. sensorimotor-stage schemas about temperament.5. Which of the following best describes the most advantageous parenting style according to Diana Baumrind%u2019s research?a. Parents set rules and make sure children follow the rules without questioning or discussion.b. Parents encourage children to learn the rules themselves and don%u2019t set family rules or enforce them.c. Parents require children to follow rules but explain and discuss the rules as a family.d. Parents let the children set and enforce the rules of the family and work to be friends with their children.%u00a9 Bedford, Freeman & Worth Publishers. For review purposes only. Do not distribute.