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17710-2 How do genes and early experiences affect infant and child development?%u2022 Physical development occurs quickly during the infancy and childhood stages.%u2022 At birth, the infant%u2019s brain has not yet formed the neural networks that control complex behaviors (such as motor skills) and cognitions (such as memory).%u2022 Motor skills develop along with the neural network, guided by our genetic blueprint.10-3 How does Jean Piaget%u2019s theory of cognitive development describe how children think at specific cognitive stages?%u2022 Piaget%u2019s theory includes four stages of cognitive development: sensorimotor (learning through sensory impressions and motor activities), preoperational (learning to use language but not yet able to think logically), concrete operational (gaining the schemas required for logical analysis of concrete events), and formal operational (thinking logically about abstract concepts and strategizing).%u2022 Piaget%u2019s stages accurately describe the order of cognitive development, although he underestimated children%u2019s cognitive abilities in each stage. Cognitive development also is more continuous than Piaget thought.10-4 What are the probable effects of attachment types and parenting styles?%u2022 Social development occurs in predictable patterns during infancy and childhood. For example, most children go through a period of stranger anxiety.%u2022 Body contact, familiarity, and responsiveness influence attachment to parents, which in turn influences later characteristics such as social competence, ability to form other attachment, and effect of attachment disruption.10-5 What are the three major issues developmental psychologists debate regarding infant and child development?%u2022 Developmental psychology research can be analyzed in terms of three issues: continuity and stages, stability and change, and nature and nurture.%u2022 Some elements, such as attachment and cognitive development, develop in a more continuous process. But other factors, such as motor development, develop in more discrete stages.%u2022 Many factors change as we develop and grow older, but some (such as temperament) remain relatively unchanged as we age.%u2022 The interaction of heredity (nature) with environment (nurture) shapes development.zygote, p. 158genes, p. 158embryo, p. 158fetus, p. 158teratogens, p. 159fetal alcohol syndrome (FAS), p. 159rooting reflex, p. 159temperament, p. 160maturation, p. 161developmental psychology, p. 164cognition, p. 164schemas, p. 164assimilation, p. 164accommodation, p. 164sensorimotor stage, p. 165object permanence, p. 165preoperational stage, p. 167conservation, p. 167egocentrism, p. 168concrete operational stage, p. 168formal operational stage, p. 168stranger anxiety, p. 170attachment, p. 170critical period, p. 171imprinting, p. 171authoritarian parenting, p. 173permissive parenting, p. 173neglectful parenting, p. 174authoritative parenting, p. 174Jean Piaget (1896%u20131980), p. 164Mary Ainsworth (1913%u20131999), p. 172Diana Baumrind (1927%u20132018), p. 173KEY TERMS AND KEY PEOPLE%u00a9 Bedford, Freeman & Worth Publishers. For review purposes only. Do not distribute.