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bees and in the domesticated honeybees that are raised by As we have seen in this module, ecosystems provide a number
people. These declines may be happening in other regions of important services to humans, but several of them have been
of the world as well, and this is causing a great deal of con- declining over recent decades. In subsequent modules, we will
cern for the conservation of biodiversity and future crop explore a variety of ways in which humans can continue to rely
production. on these ecosystem services in a more sustainable manner.

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Module 9 AP Review Preparing for the AP Exam
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Learning Goals Revisited

9-1 What are the four categories of ecosystem 9-2 How can human activities disrupt ecosystem
services? services?
Ecosystems can have intrinsic values, which are indepen- Recent assessments of ecosystem functions have found
dent of any benefit to humans, or they can have instru- that more than half of those assessed are either declining
mental values, which provide a benefit to humans and can or used at a rate that cannot be sustained. In some cases,
be assigned a monetary value. Instrumental values include such as food production or fish and shellfish production,
provisions, regulating services, support systems, and cultural there has been an increase over the past several decades
services. but this has come at the cost of other functions, including
the availability of clean, fresh water and the support system
provided by pollinators.

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AP Practice Questions Preparing for the AP Exam
Multiple-Choice Questions
1. The intrinsic value of an ecosystem food production in the U.S. In contrast, the United Nations

(a) is the total monetary worth of its features. reports that in June 2021 there were 47 countries listed as

(b) is based on the goods the ecosystem produces. “low-income food deficit countries” in the world, including
(c) considers the potential benefits that could be discovered Nicaragua, which imported $275 million in agricultural prod-

in the ecosystem. ucts from the United States.

(d) is the value it has independent of any benefit to humans.

4. According to the passage, which statement is correct about

2. A cultural ecosystem service of forests could best be food production as an ecosystem service?

described by which statement? (a) The increase in food production is not keeping up
(a) harvesting timber to produce homes for humans with human population growth.

(b) scenic overlooks for hikers to enjoy (b) Increases in food production vary among different

(c) water and air purification by trees and soil regions of the world.
(d) habitats for predators of agricultural pests (c) Increased food production has allowed the use of less

synthetic fertilizer.
3. Which is an example of a provision service? (d) Increased food production has been done without

(a) Many important pharmaceuticals have their origin in increased clearing of land.

nature.

(b) Ecosystems provide habitats for native pollinator species. 5. According to the passage, which location would be at the

(c) A rainforest with high diversity can store more carbon highest risk if it experienced a long drought?

than most crops. (a) California, because its supporting services would be
(d) High diversity can increase the aesthetic value of nature. severely affected by drought.

(b) The United States, because its regulating services
Use the passage below to answer questions 4 & 5: would be severely affected by drought.

(c) Central America, because its cultural services would be
In the United States, California grows more produce for food severely affected by drought.
than any other individual state. According to the U.S. Depart- (d) Nicaragua, because its provisions would be severely

ment of Agriculture (USDA), in 2020 California produced affected by drought.
$49 billion in revenue, which accounted for 13.5% of all of the
ModUle 9 ■ Ecosystem Services 111
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