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3. The best explanation of why large islands contain more 5. Which statement is the best explanation of the model of
species is that island biogeography?
(a) larger islands are easier to migrate to because they are (a) As an island increases in species richness, the extinc-
always closer to the mainland. tion rate decreases.
(b) larger islands can only support specialist species, but (b) As an island increases in species richness, the coloniza-
they have high species richness. tion rate increases.
(c) larger islands have more available niches in a larger (c) As an island increases in species richness, the extinction
habitat, which can support more species. rate increases.
(d) larger islands are farther away from mainlands, which (d) As an island increases in species richness, the extinction
means only the fittest species can migrate there. rate and colonization rate both increase.
4. Why do more distant islands have fewer species? 6. Why are many island species particularly vulnerable to
(a) Distant islands are generally smaller. invasive species?
(b) Distant islands have less habitat diversity. (a) Island species are often generalists with a varied diet of
(c) Distant islands can only be colonized by species with available food.
the best dispersal abilities. (b) Island species are often specialists with highly evolved
(d) Distant islands have greater habitat diversity. defenses against predators.
(c) Island species are often generalists, but have no evolved
defenses against predators.
(d) Island species are often specialists with no evolved
defenses against pathogens.

Free-Response Question

The below graph shows the number of bird species on islands (e) Students in an AP Environmental Science class are
®
of varying size and distance from a mainland. designing an investigation to simulate the effects of the
Theory of Island Biogeography. They draw a mainland
1,000 and four islands on a large piece of paper, and simulate
Near islands the migration of species from the mainland by drop-
Number of bird species (log scale) 100 Island Species that migrated
Intermediate islands
ping beans onto their paper. Their results are presented
Far islands
in the table below:

Trial 2
Trial 1
10
Large and close
11
10
8
8
Large and far
2
Small and far
1
1 Small and close 5 4
26 260 2,600 26,000 260,000 (i) Identify the students’ most likely research ques-
2
Area (km ) (log scale) tion for this investigation. (1 pt.)
(ii) Identify the dependent variable for the stu-
dents’ simulation. (1 pt.)
(a) Identify the maximum species richness of birds for (iii) Describe one aspect of the students’ simulation
the islands in the graph. (1 pt.) that would have been held constant in the inves-
(b) Describe the relationship between species richness tigation. (1 pt.)
and the “far islands” in the graph. (1 pt.) (iv) Explain a modification the students could make
(c) Explain why the smallest of the “far islands” has the to their simulation that would increase the reli-
lowest species richness. (2 pts.) ability of their study. (2 pts.)
(d) Describe a potential ecological problem of having
low species richness. (1 pt.)

ModUle 10 ■ Island Biogeography 121
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