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MODULE 2.2 European Colonization 61

As the Spanish renewed their efforts to colonize Nuevo México, the Pueblo peoples
largely accepted the situation. In part, they feared military reprisals if they challenged
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Spanish authorities. Moreover, they had been weakened by disease and untimely drought
and were struggling to fend off raids by hostile Apache and Navajo tribes. In accepting
Spanish rule, the Pueblo peoples hoped to gain protection by Spanish soldiers and priests.
However, the Pueblo peoples did not see their living conditions improve, and ten-
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sions between the Spanish and the Pueblo nations continued to simmer. Throughout
the mid-seventeenth century, Spanish forces failed to protect the Pueblo Indians against
new and devastating raids by Apache and Navajo warriors, and Catholic prayers proved
Strictly for use with its products. NOT FOR REDISTRIBUTION.
unable to stop Pueblo deaths in a 1671 epidemic. Finally, relations worsened when
another drought in the 1670s led to famine among many Pueblo Indians.

AP ® WORKING with EVIDENCE

Source: King Philip IV of Spain, Letter to Don Luis Valdés, 1647

“To my governor and captain-general of the province of Nueva Vizcaya: It has
been learned in my royal Council of the Indies that that province adjoins the
barbarous nations . . . who are now at war, though they are usually at peace;
that while they were so at peace, there went among them to trade certain
[magistrates] and religious instructors who carried off and sold their children
to serve in the mines and elsewhere, disposing of them as slaves or giving
them as presents, which amounts to the same thing. As a result they became
disquieted, and the governor, Don Luis de Valdés, began to punish them
immoderately and without regard for the public faith, for, after calling them to
attend religious instruction, he seized and shot some of them. Thereupon they
revolted, took up their arms and arrows, and made some raids; they broke into
my treasury, and it has cost me over 50,000 pesos to pacify them, although
they are not entirely quieted yet. It is very fitting to my service and to their
peace to command strictly that the barbarous Indians shall not be made slaves
nor sent as presents to anyone, nor made to serve anywhere against their will
when they are at peace and are not taken in open war.”

Questions for Analysis
1. Identify a cause of the developments that led Philip to send this letter.
2. Describe the underlying processes that led to this development.
3. Explain Philip’s purpose in sending this letter.

When some Pueblo Indians openly returned to practicing their traditional religious
customs, Spanish officials hanged three Pueblo leaders for idolatry as well as whipped
and imprisoned forty-three others. Among those punished was Popé, who planned a
broad-based revolt upon his release. On August 10, 1680, seventeen thousand Pueblo
Indians initiated a coordinated assault on numerous Spanish missions and forts in what Pueblo Revolt
came to be known as the Pueblo Revolt. They destroyed buildings and farms, burned An uprising of Pueblo Indians
crops and houses, and demolished Catholic churches. in 1680 against Spanish
In response, the Spanish retreated to Mexico without launching any significant forces in New Mexico that led
immediate counterattack. However, they returned in the 1690s and reconquered parts to the Spaniards’ temporary
of Nuevo México, aided by growing internal conflict among the Pueblo and raids by the retreat from the area.
Apache. In 1696, the Pueblo resistance was finally crushed, and new lands were opened The uprising was sparked
by mistreatment and the
for Spanish settlement. At the same time, Franciscan missionaries improved relations suppression of Pueblo culture
with the Pueblo nations by allowing them to retain more indigenous practices. and religion.

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