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62 PERIOD 2 Colonial America amid Global Change: 1607–1754

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San Esteban del Rey Mission Opened in 1644, this Spanish mission in present-day New Mexico
taught Christianity and Hispanic customs to the Acoma (Pueblo) people. Spanish missionaries
prohibited traditional Pueblo practices such as performing dances and wearing masks. The
mission was one of the few to survive Pueblo revolts in the late seventeenth century.
In what ways was the San Esteban del Rey Mission representative of the Spanish
relationship with the Pueblo peoples?

AP EXAM TIP Despite the Spanish reconquest, the Pueblo Revolt limited Spanish expansion in
®
the long run by strengthening other indigenous peoples in the region. In the after-
The Pueblo Revolt is a math of the revolt, some Pueblo refugees moved north and taught the Navajo how
specific event you should
®
know for the AP Exam. to grow corn, raise sheep, and ride horses. Through trading with the Navajo and
Explain how this historical raiding Spanish settlements during the early eighteenth century, the Ute, Shoshone,
example can be used to and Comanche peoples also gained access to horses. By the 1730s, the Comanche
describe changes in the launched mounted bison hunts and raids on other American Indian nations. They
Spanish colonial system traded with the Spanish by exchanging American Indian captives for Spanish enslave-
during the late seventeenth ment in return for more horses and guns. Thus, the Pueblo provided other indigenous
century.
nations with the means to support larger populations, wider commercial networks,
and more warriors, allowing them to continue to contest Spanish rule.
In response to early eighteenth-century French settlements in the lower Mississippi
valley, Spain also sought to reinforce its claims to Texas, named for the Tejas Indians,
along the northeastern frontier of its North American empire. Here, Spain established
missions and forts along the route from San Juan Bautista to the border of present-day
Louisiana. Although small and scattered, these outposts were meant to ensure Spain’s
claim to Texas. But the presence of large and powerful American Indian nations, includ-
ing the Caddo and the Apache, forced the small number of Spanish residents to accept
many native customs to maintain their presence in the region.

REVIEW

■ How did the French and Dutch colonies in North America differ from the
Spanish colonies to the south?

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