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rule, exhorting them not to be foolish and try to compete with his royal majesty nor abandon
his friendship, but to be his friends as their neighbors were. . . .
[T]hey [the Incas] had their representatives in the capitals of all the provinces. . . . They
served as head of the provinces or regions, and from every so many leagues around the trib-
utes were brought to one of these capitals. . . .
When the Incas set out to visit their kingdom, it is told that they traveled with great pomp,
riding in rich litters set upon smooth, long poles of the finest wood and adorned with gold
and silver.
The Incas of Pedro de Cieza de León, translated by Harriet de Onis (Norman: University of Oklahoma Press, 1959).

Question to Consider: What various methods did the Incas use to conquer and
control their territory? How are these methods similar or different from methods used
by other rulers in the documents below?
®
AP Analyzing Sources: Consider Cieza’s purpose and intended audience for this

work. How could these details explain his tone toward the Inca people?
DOCUMENT 2 Ivan the Terrible’s Treatment of Boyars

Heinrich von Staden was a German man from the province of Westphalia who lived in
Moscow in the late 1560s and early 1570s, working as a translator and tavern keeper. Tsar
Ivan IV (“the Terrible”) seems to have favored Staden, but the German fled Moscow
in 1572 when the khan of Crimea attacked the city. The extract that follows is taken
from his observations about Russia that Staden presented to the German Holy Roman
Emperor Rudolf II in 1578 and focuses on the oprichnina, the “state within a state” that
Tsar Ivan created between 1565 and 1572 to weaken the Russian nobility.

Source: Heinrich von Staden, a German man who lived in Moscow, reporting on Ivan the
Terrible’s private court and household (oprichnina), from The Land and Government of
Muscovy, 1578–1579.
The oprichnina was [composed of] his people, the zemschina, of the ordinary people. The
Grand Prince thus began to inspect one city and region after another. And those who, accord-
ing to the military muster roll, had served [the Grand Prince’s] forefathers by fighting the
enemy with their votchiny were deprived of their estates, which were given to those in the
oprichnina.
The princes and boyars who were taken into the oprichnina were ranked not according to
riches but according to birth. They then took an oath not to have anything to do with any of
the zemskia people [members of the zemschina] or form any friendships with them. Those
in the oprichnina also had to wear black hats; and in their quivers, where they put their arrows,
they carried some kind of brushes or brooms tied on the end of sticks. The oprichiniks [mem-
bers of the oprichnina] were recognized in this way.

248 Uncorrected proofs have been used in this sample.
Copyright © Bedford, Freeman & Worth Publishers.
Distributed by Bedford, Freeman & Worth Publishers. For review purposes only. Not for redistribution.

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