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xix%u00a0Notes Help Provide Focus and Encourage Historical Analysis Learning FocusAP %u00ae Learning Focus questions guide student reading and highlight key historical themes in the chapter by focusing students not only on what happened, but also on why. Exam TipAP %u00ae Exam Tip margin notes (and related AP %u00ae Apply the Tip margin notes in the Teacher%u2019s Edition) highlight important concepts and questions that students should focus on to prepare for the AP %u00ae %u00a0exam as they read through the%u00a0textbook. ned grim for d C h a u n c e y died suddenly, an indentured ecticut farm. t few farmers y like a human out his indenfor clocks and clockmaker Eli Terry. A manufacturing wizard, Terry used recision saws and woodworking lathes. Soon his shop, and , were turning out thousands of tall clocks with wooden erry patented an enormously popular desk clock with brass hat turned Waterbury, Connecticut, into the clockmaking ates. Jerome set up his own clock factory. By organizing work ing new machines that stamped out interchangeable metal the price of a simple clock from $20 to $5 and then to less Jerome was selling his clocks in England, the hub of the a decade later, his workers were turning out 400,000 clocks nited States was not only the world%u2019s leading exporter of also the third-ranked manufacturing nation behind Britain ry soul of an American: the fountain of all human felicity,%u201d observed shortly after arriving from Europe. Stimulated by urial culture, thousands of artisan-inventors like Chauncey country into the Industrial Revolution, a new system of proer and steam power and machine technology. To bring their ey relied on important innovations in travel and communiern entrepreneurs %u2014 and their southern counterparts who ting %u2014 had created a new economic order. embraced the new business-dominated society, and many ew prosperity. The increase in manufacturing, commerce, lass divisions that challenged the founders%u2019 vision of an with few distinctions of wealth. As the philosopher Ralph d in 1839: %u201cThe invasion of Nature by Trade with its Money, nd] its Railroad threatens to . . . establish a new, universal 48 learning focus Why and how did the economic transformations of the first half of the nineteenth century reshape northern and southern society and culture? 314 PART 4 OVERLAPPING REVOLUTIONS, 1800%u20131848undersold their American competitors, for two reasons. First, they enjoyedefit of efficient shipping networks, which brought raw cotton to Britain aprices, and low interest rates, which enabled mill owners to borrow money csupport and expand their operations. Second, Britain had cheap labor: it hapopulation %u2014 about 12.6 million in 1810 compared to 7.3 million Americathousands of landless laborers prepared to accept low-paying factory jobsthe United States labor was scarce and well paid. To offset these advantages, American entrepreneurs relied on help fromeral government: in 1816, 1824, and 1828, Congress passed tariff bills that pltaxes on imported cotton and woolen cloth. However, in the 1830s, Congrestariffs because southern planters, western farmers, and urban consumers dinexpensive imports. Better Machines, Cheaper Workers American producers used two other strcompete with their British rivals. First, they improved on British technologyFrancis Cabot Lowell, a wealthy Boston merchant, toured British textile millmaking detailed drawings of their power machinery. Paul Moody, an expAmerican mechanic, then copied the machines and improved their designLowell joined with merchants Nathan Appleton and Patrick Tracy Jackson toBoston Manufacturing Company. Having raised the staggering sum of $400built a textile plant in Waltham, Massachusetts %u2014 the first American factory toall clothmaking operations under one roof. Thanks to Moody%u2019s improvements, Wpower looms operated at higher speeds than British looms and needed fewer w The second strategy was to tap a cheaper source of labor. In tthe Boston Manufacturing Company recruited thousands of younfrom farm families, providing them with rooms in boardinghowith evening lectures and other cultural activities. To reassure paretheir daughters%u2019 moral welfare, the mill owners enforced strict curfhibited alcoholic beverages, and required regular church attendLowell (1822), Chicopee (1823), and other sites in Massachusetts Hampshire, the company built new factories that used this laboknown as the Waltham-Lowell System . By the early 1830s, more than 40,000 New England women werein textile mills. As an observer noted, the wages were %u201cmore thanobtained by the hitherto ordinary occupation of housework,%u201d the lidbhhddfhdhexam tip Explaining the impact of the Industrial Revolution on gender roles and family life is essential on the AP %u00ae exam. Waltham-Lowell System A labor system employing young farm women in New England factories that originated in 1822 and declined after 1860, when immigrant labor became predominant. The women lived in company boardinghouses with strict rules and curfews and were often required to attend church. skills & processes DEVELOPMENTS AND PROCESSES What were the advantages and strategies of British and American textile manufacturers? Skills & ProcessesAP %u00ae Skills & Processes margin notes identify key historical disciplinary practices, reasoning processes, and thinking skills that students will need to perform well on the AP %u00ae exam. When Patriots in Frederick C o u n t y , M a r y l a n d , demanded his allegiance to their cause in 1776, Robert Gassaway would have none of it. %u201cIt was better for the poor people to lay down their arms and pay the duties and taxes laid upon them by King and Parliament than to be brought into slavery and commanded and ordered about [by you],%u201d he told them. The story was much the same in Farmington, Connecticut, where Patriot officials imprisoned Nathaniel Jones and seventeen other men for %u201cremaining neutral.%u201d In Pennsylvania, Quakers accused of Loyalism were rounded up, jailed, and charged with treason, and some were hanged for aiding the British cause. Everywhere, the outbreak of fighting in 1776 forced families to choose the Loyalist or the Patriot side. The Patriots%u2019 control of most local governments gave them an edge in this battle. Patriot leaders organized militia units and recruited volunteers for the Continental army, a ragtag force that surprisingly held its own on the battlefield. %u201cI admire the American troops tremendously!%u201d exclaimed a French officer. %u201cIt is incredible that soldiers composed of every age, even children of fifteen, of whites and blacks, almost naked, unpaid, and rather poorly fed, can march so well and withstand fire so steadfastly.%u201d Military service created political commitment, and vice versa. Many Patriot leaders encouraged Americans not only to support the war but also to take an active role in government. As more people did so, their political identities changed. Previously, Americans had lived within a social world dominated by the links of family, kinship, and locality. Now, the abstract bonds of citizenship connected them directly to more distant institutions of government. %u201cFrom subjects to citizens the difference is immense,%u201d remarked South Carolina Patriot David Ramsay. By repudiating monarchical rule and raising a democratic army, the Patriots launched the age of republican revolutions. Soon republicanism would throw France into turmoil and inspire revolutionaries in Spain%u2019s American colonies. The independence of the Anglo-American colonies, remarked the Venezuelan political leader Francisco de Miranda, who had been in New York and Philadelphia at the end of the American Revolution, %u201cwas bound to be . . . the infallible preliminary to our own [independence movement].%u201d The Patriot uprising of 1776 set in motion a process that fractured European empires in the Americas and presaged an American system of new nations. Making War and Republican Governments 1776%u20131789 learning focus Why did the American independence movement succeed, and what changes did it initiate in American society and government? CHAPTER 6 Making War and Republican Governments, 1776%u20131789 219k l n s s e ,e d , d d ,t g n d o n e , ,s s d s in his path and raiding British supply lines y of 6,000 British and German troops and stuck near Saratoga, New York. Desperate sh raided nearby Bennington, Vermont, but itiamen. Patriot forces in the Mohawk Valley unees into retreat. Making matters worse, the alled 4,000 troops he had sent toward Albany ster Howe%u2019s force. While Burgoyne waited in amen from Massachusetts, New Hampshire, ts %u201cswarmed around the army like birds of d in October 1777, they forced Burgoyne to oga was the turning point of the war. The h troops and ensured the diplomatic success o won a military alliance with France. empered by wartime difficulties. A British pean manufactures and disrupted the New he British occupation of Boston, New York, riots, along with unemployed artisans and York City%u2019s population declined from 21,000 acco exports in the Chesapeake, so planters ies. All across the land, farmers and artisans nts requisitioned military supplies directly officials asked the citizens of Hartford to Victory at Saratoga The surrender of General John Burgoyne to American forces at Saratoga, New York, in October 1777 was the most important Patriot victory in the early years of the war. General Horatio Gates, wearing the blue and buff officers%u2019 uniform of the Continental army, stands at the center of this painting by John Trumbull, which hangs in the U.S. Capitol. Burgoyne, in the scarlet uniform of the British army, forlornly offers Gates his sword as Gates invites him into his tent. The Patriots%u2019 victory at Saratoga, which unfolded over several weeks in a complex set of military maneuvers, proved to their allies and enemies alike that they could defeat a British army in the field. Architect of the Capitol. skills & processes CAUSATION What were the most important results of the Patriot victory at Saratoga? exam tip Explaining the importance of European allies in the Patriot victory over the superior British Army is essential for success on the AP %u00ae exam. Battle of Saratoga (1777) A multistage battle in New York ending with the surrender of British general John Burgoyne. The victory ensured the diplomatic success of American representatives in Paris, who won a military alliance with France. ar and Republican Governments, 1776%u20131789 219h supply lines n troops and rk. Desperate Vermont, but ohawk Valley ers worse, the oward Albany yne waited in w Hampshire, like birds of Burgoyne to the war. The matic success rance. ies. A British pted the New n, New York, artisans and d from 21,000 e, so planters s and artisans plies directly fHartfordtoender of General John Burgoyne to American forces at 77 was the most important Patriot victory in the early years wearing the blue and buff officers%u2019 uniform of the Continental ainting by John Trumbull, which hangs in the U.S. Capitol. f the British army, forlornly offers Gates his sword as Gates ts%u2019 victory at Saratoga, which unfolded over several weeks in a , proved to their allies and enemies alike that they could defeat of the Capitol. skills & processes CAUSATION What were the most important results of the Patriot victory at Saratoga? exam tip Explaining the importance of European allies in the Patriot victory over the superior British Army is essential for success on the AP %u00ae exam. Battle of Saratoga (1777) A multistage battle in New York ending with the surrender of British general John Burgoyne. The victory ensured the diplomatic success of American representatives in Paris, who won a military alliance with France. 332 PART 4 OVERLAPPING REVOLUTIONS, 1800%u20131848gangs finished tasks in thirty-five minutes that took a white farmer an hour toplete, gang labor became ever more prevalent. As the price of raw cotton surge1846, the wealth of the planter class skyrocketed. And no wonder: nearly 2%u00a0 menslaved African Americans now labored on the plantations of the Cotton Souannually produced 4 million bales of the valuable fiber. On the eve of the Civil War, southern slave owners accounted for nearlythirds of all American men with wealth of $100,000 or more. But wealth wacentrated at the top of society, along with southern capital: only about one-quasouthern households were slave owning; three-fourths owned no enslaved wand participated in only limited ways in the economic revolution that cotton brto the South. Other white southerners %u2014 backcountry farmers on marginal lancotton-planting tenants in particular %u2014 occupied some of the lowest rungs nation%u2019s social order. The expansion of southern slavery, like the flowering of nern capitalism, increased inequalities of wealth and status. The Northern Business Elite In the North, the Industrial Revolution altered the older agrarian social ordeurban economy made a few city residents %u2014 the merchants, manufacturers, ers, and landlords who made up the business elite %u2014 very rich. In 1800, the r10 percent of the nation%u2019s families owned about 40 percent of the wealth; bythey held nearly 70%u00a0percent. In New York, Chicago, Baltimore, and New Orleansuperrich %u2014 the top 1 percent %u2014 owned more than 40 percent of the land, builand other tangible property and an even higher share of intangible property, sstocks and bonds. skills & processes MAKING CONNECTIONS How did the rise of cotton agriculture affect the social structure of the South? exam tip It%u2019s important to recognize the impact of the Market Revolution on the distinctions between classes in American society. 332 PART 4 OVERLAPPING REVOLUTIONS, 1800%u20131848gangs finished tasks in thirty-five minutes that took a white farmplete, gang labor became ever more prevalent. As the price of raw1846, the wealth of the planter class skyrocketed. And no wondenslaved African Americans now labored on the plantations of tannually produced 4 million bales of the valuable fiber. On the eve of the Civil War, southern slave owners accouthirds of all American men with wealth of $100,000 or more. centrated at the top of society, along with southern capital: only southern households were slave owning; three-fourths owned and participated in only limited ways in the economic revolutionto the South. Other white southerners %u2014 backcountry farmers oncotton-planting tenants in particular %u2014 occupied some of thenation%u2019s social order. The expansion of southern slavery, like theern capitalism, increased inequalities of wealth and status. The Northern Business Elite In the North, the Industrial Revolution altered the older agrarurban economy made a few city residents %u2014 the merchants, mers, and landlords who made up the business elite %u2014 very rich.10 percent of the nation%u2019s families owned about 40 percent of they held nearly 70%u00a0percent. In New York, Chicago, Baltimore, asuperrich %u2014 the top 1 percent %u2014 owned more than 40 percent oand other tangible property and an even higher share of intangistocks and bonds. Government tax policies facilitated the accumulation of wefederal taxes on individual and corporate income. Rather, the most of its revenue from tariffs: regressive taxes on textiles and opurchased mostly by ordinary citizens. State and local governmwealthy. They taxed real estate (farms, city lots, and buildings) aproperty (furniture, tools, and machinery), but almost never taxor the inheritances the rich passed on to their children. As cities expanded in size and wealth, affluent families set thdressed in well-tailored clothes, rode in fancy carriages, and bought houses tended by butlers, cooks, and other servants. The women no those of lesser wealth, and the men no longer labored side by side Instead, they became managers and directors and relied on trusted svise their employees. Merchants, manufacturers, and bankers placvacy and lived in separate neighborhoods, often in exclusive centraedge. The geographic isolation of privileged families and the massivinto separate districts divided cities spatially along lines of class, raceThe Middle Class Standing between wealthy owners and propertyless wage ear middle class %u2014 the social product of increased commerce. ThBoston printer explained, was made up of %u201cthe farmers, the mfacturers, the traders, who carry on professionally the ordinarillidhihdi%u201dPfilithtskills & processes MAKING CONNECTIONS How did the rise of cotton agriculture affect the social structure of the South? exam tip It%u2019s important to recognize the impact of the Market Revolution on the distinctions between classes in American society. skills & processes CONTINUITY AND CHANGE In what ways did elite families change between 1800 and 1848? middle class An economic group of prosperous farmers, artisans, and traders that emerged in the early nineteenth century. Its rise reflected a dramatic increase in prosperity. This surge in income, along with an abundance of inexpensive mass-produced goods, fostered a distinct middle-class urban culture. %u00a9 Bedford, Freeman & Worth Publishers. For review purposes only. Do not distribute.