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xxiii An Emphasis on Visual Analysis Visual Activities and Mapping the Past ActivitiesVisual Activities and Mapping the Past Activities appear in each chapter, providing robust captions for context and prompting students to study images and maps more closely. To support building skills, two levels of questions draw on students%u2019 historical knowledge, helping to prepare them for the visual sources they will be asked to analyze in the MCQ, SAQ, and DBQ portions of the AP %u00ae exam. 56 PART 1 TRANSFORMATIONS OF NORTH AMERICA, 1491%u20131700pay taxes to support its clergy. These institutions %u2014 an appointed governor, an elected assembly, a formal legal system, and an established Anglican Church %u2014 became the model for royal colonies throughout English America. Lord Baltimore Settles Catholics in Maryland A second tobacco-growing colony developed in neighboring Maryland. King Charles I (r. 1625%u20131649), James%u2019s successor, was secretly sympathetic toward Catholicism, and in 1632 he granted lands bordering the vast Chesapeake Bay to Catholic aristocrat Cecilius Calvert, Lord Baltimore. Thus Maryland became a refuge for Catholics, who were subject to persecution in England. In 1634, twenty gentlemen, mostly Catholics, and two hundred artisans and laborers, mostly Protestants, established St. Mary%u2019s City at the mouth of the Potomac River. Maryland grew quickly because Baltimore recruited many artisans and offered ample lands to wealthy migrants. But political conflict threatened the colony%u2019s stability. Disputing Baltimore%u2019s powers, settlers elected a representative assembly and insisted on the right to initiate legislation, which Baltimore grudgingly granted. Anti-Catholic agitation by Protestants also threatened his religious goals. To protect his coreligionists, Lord Baltimore persuaded the assembly to enact the Toleration Act (1649), which granted all Christians the right to follow their beliefs and hold church services. In Maryland, as in Virginia, tobacco quickly became the main crop, and that similarity, rather than any religious difference, ultimately made the two colonies very much alike in their economic and social systems. Visual Activity Anti-Smoking Pamphlet, 1672 Coffee and tobacco were often consumed together in coffeehouses, which were still a novelty in 1672. This woodcut comes from a publication that warned against the dangerous pleasures of tobacco (which came from the colonies) and coffee (a Turkish import). The pamphlet told readers that coffee and tobacco were harmful to their health. But this image goes farther in offering a moral critique of the coffeehouse, where it was said that foreign influences poisoned English culture. Here, a Turkish man in a turban smokes and drinks alongside two English patrons, while an enslaved African serves coffee. Private Collection/Bridgeman Images. READING THE IMAGE: Analyze the coat of arms in the center of the image at the top. What is the significance of the black face and the two tobacco pipes? How is the engraver criticizing the coffeehouse as an institution? MAKING CONNECTIONS: How does this image connect the health dangers of tobacco and coffee with the cultural threat of foreign influences in English life? exam tip Make sure to connect the changes of the English Reformation and the English civil war to the establishment of the Toleration Act of 1649 in Maryland. skills & processes CAUSATION How did the proximity of the Powhatan Chiefdom affect development in early Virginia? CHAPTER 2 American Experiments, 1521%u20131700 63Mississippi. Soldiers and missionaries used them as bases of operations, while Indigenous allies, traders, and their m%u00e9tis (multiracial) offspring created trading communities alongside them. New Netherland By 1600, Amsterdam had become the financial and commercial hub of northern Europe, and Dutch financiers dominated the European banking, insurance, and textile industries. Dutch merchants owned more ships and employed more sailors than did the combined fleets of England, France, and Spain. Indeed, the Dutch managed much of the world%u2019s commerce. During their struggle for independence from Spain and Portugal (ruled by Spanish monarchs, 1580%u20131640), the Dutch seized Portuguese forts in Africa and Indonesia and sugar plantations in Brazil. These conquests gave the Dutch control of the Atlantic trade in enslaved workers and sugar and the Indian Ocean commerce in East Indian spices and Chinese silks and ceramics ( Map 2.5 ). Mapping the Past MAP 2.5 The Eurasian Trade System and European Spheres of Influence, 1650 Between 1550 and 1650, Spanish, Portuguese, and Dutch merchants took control of the maritime trade routes between Europe and India, Indonesia, and China. They also created two new trading connections. The South Atlantic System carried enslaved workers, sugar, and manufactured goods between Europe, Africa, and the valuable plantation settlements in Brazil and the Caribbean islands. And a transpacific trade carried Spanish American silver to China in exchange for silks, ceramics, and other manufactures. (To trace long-term changes in trade and empires, see Map 1.4 on p. 29 and Map 5.1 on%u00a0 p. 181 .) ANALYZING THE MAP: What were the primary commodities traded by the Portuguese, Spanish, and Dutch traders? How did trade with the Americas connect to trade with Asia? MAKING CONNECTIONS: Compare this map to Map 2.3 ( p. 55 ). Why are the French, English, and Dutch colonies depicted in Map 2.3 absent from this map of the Eurasian trade system? Ad S R( )C yLUE epleWfdplp rypp Silk, sugar, gold, molassego yvA AA RA ATAA Aols, cAATPO AAA TMAM yC gVAon pC T pTbzAdoPACIFIC OCEANATLANTICOCEANINDIAN OCEANArabian SeaStrait of MagellanARCTIC OCEANRed SeaPACIFICOCEANCura%u00e7ao(Neth.)CeylonMOLUCCASSumatraJavaBorneoCape HornSilkSilverSilkEnslavedpeople EnslavedpeopleEnslavedpeopleWheat, timber,fur, tar, pitchEnslavedpeople EnslavedpeopleEnslaved peopleEnslavedpeopleEnslavedpeoplePepper, clothCowrie shellsSilverSilkFish, potterySugarSpicesSpicesSilk, sugar, gold, molassesRugsIvory, gold,enslaved peopleNEWSPAIN FLORIDASPANISHMAIN GUIANANEWGRANADAPERUCUBA HAITIJAMAICABRAZILARABIACAPEVERDEGOLDCOASTPERSIAPUERTO RICONETHERLANDSPORTUGALTools, clothINDIACHINAPorcelain,silkJAPANSilverSPAINTools, clothANGOLAMADAGASCARMAURITIUS (NETH.)PHILIPPINESINDONESIA NEWGUINEAGUJARATNORTH AMERICASOUTHAMERICAEUROPEAFRICAAUSTRALIAASIAMexico CityAcapulcoCartagenaLima BahiaRio de JaneiroVeracruzPanamaVeniceAmsterdamLisbonSevilleMadridConstantinopleCairo TripoliLuandaCapeTownMozambiqueMombasaAlexandriaSofalaOrmuzAden GoaMalaccaManilaMacaoCantonNingboNagasaki0 1,000 2,000 kilometers0 1,000 2,000 milesNSW EMain Eurasian Trade Routes, 1650Portuguese trade routesSpanish trade routesDutch trade routesOther major trade routesEuropean-Controlled AreasPortuguese controlSpanish controlDutch controlamerhistoryHS11e_02_m05fie Eurasian Trade System and European Spheres of Inffuence, 165042p3 x 26p9First Proof02/01/24%u00a9 Bedford, Freeman & Worth Publishers. For review purposes only. Do not distribute.