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xxCHAPTER 3 AP%u00ae Exam Practice 131SHORT-ANSWER QUESTIONS Read each question carefully and write a response. Use complete sentences. %u201cThat Europeans used only non-Europeans as slaves . . . for primarily economic reasons has wide support [among scholars]. . . . [E]lites would surely use the cheapest option possible within the limits of mercantilist policies. . . . Yet such motives operated under the aegis of fundamental non-economic values. . . . One central issue here is perception of race, ethnicity, or, less controversially, who is to be considered an outsider and is therefore enslavable and who is an insider and thus unenslavable. . . . [F]rom the strictly economic standpoint there were strong arguments in support of using European rather than African slave labor. The crux of the matter was shipping costs. . . . [But] the barrier to European slaves in the Americas lay not only beyond shipping and enslavement costs but also beyond any strictly economic sphere.%u201d David Eltis, The Rise of African Slavery in the Americas , 2000 %u201cThe decision for slavery was implicit in the competitive commercial structure of planters and merchants. . . . Once planters and merchants competed to bring plantation produce to the market by the swiftest means possible, with a free hand to import slaves and exploit them, the transition to the slave-worked plantations was inevitable. The Atlantic slave trade option was supported by governments, deferring to the wishes of the main actors in the matter. For the planter who was seriously interested in maximizing output, and in the fortune this promised to make him, the decision to buy African slaves became a natural one.%u201d Robin Blackburn, The Making of New World Slavery: From the Baroque to the Modern, 1492%u20131800 , 2010 1. Using the two excerpts provided, answer (a), (b), and (c). a. Briefly explain ONE major difference between Eltis%u2019s and Blackburn%u2019s historical interpretations of the origins of slavery in the Americas. b. Briefly explain how ONE specific historical event or development from the period 1607 to 1754 that is not mentioned directly in the excerpts could be used to support Eltis%u2019s interpretation. c. Briefly explain how ONE specific historical event or development from the period 1607 to 1754 that is not explicitly mentioned in the excerpts could be used to support Blackburn%u2019s interpretation. Enslaved Africans Transported to the British North American Colonies Data from www.slavevoyages.org/assessment/estimates. 0 1600%u20131650 1650%u20131700 1700%u201317505,00010,00015,00020,00025,00030,00035,00040,000amerhistoryHS11e_03_02Enslaved Africans Imported to British North America19p6 x 11p6First Proof02/01/242. Using the graph provided, answer (a), (b), and (c). a. Briefly explain ONE specific historical factor that accounts for the change illustrated in the graph. b. Briefly explain ONE specific historical event or development that resulted from the change illustrated in the graph. c. Briefly explain ONE specific historical response of enslaved African laborers to the conditions they experienced in the colonies prior to 1750. 3. Answer (a), (b), and (c). a. Briefly explain ONE specific historical similarity between the New England colonies and the Middle colonies in the period from 1660 to 1750. b. Briefly explain ONE specific historical difference between the New England colonies and the Middle colonies in the period from 1660 to 1750. c. Briefly explain ONE specific historical cause that accounts for a difference between the New England colonies and the Middle Colonies in the period from 1660 to 1750. SHORT-ANSWER QUESTIONS Read each question carefully and write a response. Use complete sentences. %u201cThat Europeans used only non-Europeans as slaves . . . for primarily economic reasons has wide support [among scholars]. . . . [E]lites would surely use the cheapest option possible within the limits of mercantilist policies. . . . Yet such motives operated under the aegis of fundamental non-economic values. . . . One central issue here is perception of race, ethnicity, or, less controversially, who is to be considered an outsider and is therefore enslavable and who is an insider and thus unenslavable. . . . [F]rom the strictly economic standpoint there were strong arguments in support of using European rather than African slave labor. The crux of the matter was shipping costs. . . . [But] the barrier to European slaves in the Americas lay not only beyond shipping and enslavement costs but also beyond any strictly economic sphere.%u201d David Eltis, The Rise of African Slavery in the Americas , 2000 %u201cThe decision for slavery was implicit in the competitive commercial structure of planters and merchants. . . . Once planters and merchants competed to bring plantation produce to the market by the swiftest means possible, with a free hand to import slaves and exploit them, the transition to the slave-worked plantations was inevitable. The Atlantic slave trade option was supported by governments, deferring to the wishes of the main actors in the matter. For the planter who was seriously interested in maximizing output, and in the fortune this promised to make him, the decision to buy African slaves became a natural one.%u201d Robin Blackburn, The Making of New World Slavery: From the Baroque to the Modern, 1492%u20131800 , 2010 1. Using the two excerpts provided, answer (a), (b), and (c). a. Briefly explain ONE major difference between Eltis%u2019s and Blackburn%u2019s historical interpretations of the origins of slavery in the Americas. b. Briefly explain how ONE specific historical event or development from the period 1607 to 1754 that is not mentioned directly in the excerpts could be used to support Eltis%u2019s interpretation. 130MULTIPLE-CHOICE QUESTIONS Choose the correct answer for each question. Exam Practice Questions 1%u20134 refer to this excerpt. %u201cI know what is said by the several admirers of monarchy, aristocracy, and democracy, which are the rule of one, a few, and many, and are the three common ideas of government, when men discourse on the subject. But I choose to solve the controversy with this small distinction, and it belongs to all three: Any government is free to the people under it (whatever be the frame) where the laws rule, and the people are a party to those laws, and more than this is tyranny, oligarchy, or confusion.%u201d William Penn, %u201cFrame of Government of Pennsylvania,%u201d 1682 1. The ideas expressed by William Penn in the excerpt most directly reflect the influence of a. transatlantic print culture. b. the First Great Awakening. c. European Enlightenment ideas. d. British mercantilist policies. 2. The ideas expressed in the excerpt contributed most to which of the following developments in colonial Pennsylvania? a. The abolition of slavery b. The influx of large numbers of European immigrants in the early 1700s c. British government efforts to exert more direct control over the colony d. Widespread violence between Pennsylvania colonists and American Indians 3. What characteristic of the British colonies is best suited to the type of government described by Penn? a. Plantation economies based on exporting staple crops such as tobacco and rice b. Relatively homogeneous population of self-sufficient family farmers c. Britain%u2019s lack of attention to the American colonies d. Lack of organized religion and low levels of church attendance 4. Which of the following approaches toward governing most aligns with Penn%u2019s argument? a. The local governments created in the Spanish and French colonies b. The establishment of colonial legislatures such as the Virginia House of Burgesses c. Plantation economies in the southern colonies that led to landed elites dominating local political organizations d. The use of town hall meetings in colonial New England Questions 5%u20136 refer to this excerpt. %u201cWhen I came [in 1714] there was not so much as one proper carpenter, nor mason, nor tailor, nor butcher in the town, nor . . . a market worth naming. . . . But now we abound in artificers [skilled craftsmen], and some of the best, and our markets large, even to a full supply. And, what above all I would remark, there was not so much as one foreign trading vessel belonging to the town, nor for several years after I came into it. . . . [N]ow we have between thirty and forty ships . . . engaged in foreign trade. From so small a beginning the town has risen into its present flourishing circumstances.%u201d Description of Marblehead, Massachusetts, in The Autobiography of the Reverend John Barnard , 1766 5. The excerpt could best be used as historical evidence to support an argument that British colonization of North America grew most significantly due to the influence of which of the following? a. The imperial enforcement of mercantilist policies b. An intensification of the Atlantic system of trade c. An Anglicization of the British colonies d. The borrowing of improved naval technology 6. Which of the following most directly resulted from the pattern of change described in the excerpt? a. The British colonies attracted larger numbers of settlers than the French, Spanish, or Dutch colonies in North America. b. The British government attempted to incorporate the colonies into a coherent, hierarchical imperial structure. c. British colonial plantations grew less reliant on the transatlantic trade in enslaved labor. d. The relative prosperity of the British colonies stimulated peaceful trade relations with Native Americans. Get Plenty of Practice for the %u00a0Exam Practice: End-of-Chapter Multiple-Choice and Short-Answer Questions AP%u00ae Exam Practice questions throughout the book build deep familiarity with the tasks and format of AP %u00ae exam items. Multiple-Choice and Short-Answer Questions follow every chapter, allowing students to put into practice the course content knowledge they%u2019ve just gained by answering realistic, stimulus-based AP %u00ae -style questions. %u00a9 Bedford, Freeman & Worth Publishers. For review purposes only. Do not distribute.