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Fabric of a Nation: What’s Inside This Second Edition xxxiii

Period-Opening Features Put History in Context
These sample pages are distributed by Bedford, Freeman & Worth Publishers.

PERIOD 2 1607–1754 Contextualizing MODULE
Colonial America Period 2 2.1
Copyright (c) 2024 Bedford, Freeman & Worth Publishers.
amid Global Change
ngland and France began to challenge Spanish dominance of the Western Hemi-
British Colonies Strictly for use with its products. NOT FOR REDISTRIBUTION.
sphere in the early seventeenth century. As these three kingdoms struggled with
Eone another militarily, economically, and socially, each also consolidated power on
the North American continent.
These nations engaged in shifting patterns of cooperation and competition with
native populations in ways that reflected their cultural, social, religious, and economic
interests. The French steadily established trade networks with native peoples in Canada.
The Spanish in the Southwest sought to convert American Indians to Catholicism while
Each period at the same time exploiting their labor. The English colony at Jamestown tried to rep-
licate the success of the Spanish, hoping to find easy profits in gold and silver mines,
but the climate and geography of Virginia differed greatly from the Central American
begins with an regions that the Spanish had begun to exploit nearly a hundred years before.
Thus, the early Jamestown settlers built a colony that differed from the ordered and
authoritarian encomienda system of the Spanish, where native peoples worked under
inviting image close Spanish supervision. Instead, a labor system in which English-born indentured
servants traded several years of hard work in return for passage to the English colony
provided much of the labor in the colony during the early seventeenth century. How-
about that period. ever, this arrangement gave way to a racial caste system in which enslaved Africans
made up the bulk of the labor force on large cash-crop plantations in the southern colo-
nies by the turn of the eighteenth century.
In the western backcountry regions of Virginia, the majority of the population
was made up of independent farmers, many of whom were former indentured servants
themselves. These backcountry settlers negotiated — and often violated — a shifting
borderland of conflict and trade with American Indians.
As the seventeenth century progressed, growing European settlements in the New
World led to the development of a transatlantic world in which Europeans, American
Indians, and Africans traded, competed, and interacted with each other along net-
works that stretched from the foothills of the Appalachian Mountains to the cities of
© New York Historical Society/Bridgeman Images lantic world. Beginning in the early 1650s, Britain pursued economic policies designed Know how to compare and
London, Paris, and Madrid to the villages of West Africa and back to the islands of the
Caribbean.
Great Britain’s colonies in North America formed an integral part of this transat-
to monopolize trade with its colonies and protect British economic interests. This strat-
AP EXAM TIP
®
egy proved successful. Starting in the late seventeenth century, the British fought a
series of colonial wars with other European powers, most often the French, to establish
English cultural, ideological, and economic dominance in the North Atlantic and the
contrast European colonization
by concentrating on how
ries cemented Great Britain’s dominance of the North American Atlantic seaboard from
cultural and economic factors
the late 1600s and well into the 1700s.
affected the development of
British Colonial Banner, 1745 This cotton banner was carried the French for control of North America in the eighteenth North American interior. While these wars were costly on many levels, repeated victo- efforts. Narrow your focus
By the 1700s, colonists used European models to shape a distinctly British North
the French and Dutch colonies
by the British at the siege of the French at Louisbourg (1745), century. While the British soldiers and New England American culture. For example, the Enlightenment, a European intellectual movement in the New World. Strong
Nova Scotia, during King George’s War, also known as the colonists who carried out the siege captured Louisbourg, comparisons move from broad
War of Austrian Succession (1744–1748). King George’s War was the fort was later returned to the French as part of the Treaty that embraced science and reason as the hallmarks of human progress, gained popu- categories such as cultural and
one of many colonial wars fought between the British and of Aix-la-Chapelle, which ended the war in 1748. larity among elites. Likewise, the First Great Awakening, a wave of renewed religious economic to more specific
NEW The Period-Opening Modules ,
enthusiasm, swept North America during the 1740s with a spiritual intensity that historical evidence such as
touched colonists throughout the continent and challenged England’s tradition of strict intermarriage and the fur
class differentiation. trade.
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52 aligned to the Contextualization Topic
Period 2: What’s Inside 1607–1754 that starts off every unit in the AP ®
Course Framework, contextualize what
MODULE AP THEMATIC FOCUS a student will learn. Learning to place
®
2.1 The first contact between Native Americans and Europeans in the fifteenth century and early
Contextualizing sixteenth century caused enormous changes to both European and Native societies. The historical events and historical trends in
Period 2 Columbian Exchange of the sixteenth century extended these changes and led to the beginnings
of the African slave trade. The period 1607 to 1754 saw the consolidation of European colonial
control in North America. This period also saw conflict between European colonial powers for context makes understanding easier.
control over the continent, which often divided native peoples among European rivals. Also during
this period, transatlantic trade in enslaved African people become a source of labor for many of
the European colonies. By the end of this time period, the British controlled much of the eastern
seaboard of North America.
2.2 Migration and Settlement
European Throughout the seventeenth and early eighteenth centuries, the English, French, and Dutch
Colonization established colonies that challenged Spanish control in North America.
2.3 Geography and the Environment
The Regions of The earliest English colonies sought profit through agriculture and the cash crop tobacco, which
NEW After each Contextualization
British Colonies became a valuable commodity in the Atlantic world.
The first English settlers in New England, mostly Puritans, established an economy based on
agriculture and commerce within a society of independent family farms and small towns. Distance
module, you’ll find a What’s Inside table. Period 2: What’s Inside 1607–1754
from Great Britain led to self-governing towns that contained elements of democratic practice.
These democratic elements included participatory town meetings and elected colonial legislatures.
This feature previews the modules MODULE AP THEMATIC FOCUS
Starting in the 1660s, the English began to colonize the Middle Atlantic region in North America
and build economies based on trade and societies built generally on religious and ethnic tolerance.
®
Throughout the late seventeenth and early eighteenth centuries, the colonies of the southern
ahead. Each module is introduced with The first contact between Native Americans and Europeans in the fifteenth century and early
Atlantic coast and the British West Indies developed plantation societies that depended on the
labor of enslaved Africans to harvest crops such as rice and sugar for export. 2.1 sixteenth century caused enormous changes to both European and Native societies. The
its corresponding course theme and a
2.4 Work, Exchange, and Technology Contextualizing Columbian Exchange of the sixteenth century extended these changes and led to the beginnings
Period 2
Transatlantic Trade During the eighteenth century, the Atlantic economy became increasingly complex, leading of the African slave trade. The period 1607 to 1754 saw the consolidation of European colonial
to increasing attempts by European powers to impose trade policies advantageous to home
quick summary of main ideas. control in North America. This period also saw conflict between European colonial powers for
control over the continent, which often divided native peoples among European rivals. Also during
countries. These trade policies shaped the lives of colonial subjects in North America.
2.5 America in the World this period, transatlantic trade in enslaved African people become a source of labor for many of
the European colonies. By the end of this time period, the British controlled much of the eastern
Interactions Starting in the seventeenth century, British North American colonists were pulled into a series seaboard of North America.
between American of conflicts with other European colonists and their Native American allies as European nations Migration and Settlement
2.2
Indians and increasingly sought control over the Western Hemisphere. 2.2 Throughout the seventeenth and early eighteenth centuries, the English, French, and Dutch
Eur
opean
Europeans European established colonies that challenged Spanish control in North America.
Colonization
Colonization
2.6 Work, Exchange, and Technology ■ Social Structures Geography and the Environment
2.3
Slavery in the Slavery shaped the economy and society of British North America. While slavery was more 2.3 The earliest English colonies sought profit through agriculture and the cash crop tobacco, which
The Regions of
prevalent in the southern colonies, its existence in the middle and northern colonies proved The Regions of
British Colonies
significant as well. Despite often harsh living conditions, enslaved Africans and African Americans British Colonies became a valuable commodity in the Atlantic world.
found overt and covert ways to rebel against slavery and maintain their families and culture. The first English settlers in New England, mostly Puritans, established an economy based on
2.7 American and Regional Culture ■ American and National Identity agriculture and commerce within a society of independent family farms and small towns. Distance
from Great Britain led to self-governing towns that contained elements of democratic practice.
Colonial Society Inspired by religious movements and new political ideologies, British North Americans developed These democratic elements included participatory town meetings and elected colonial legislatures.
and Culture a sense of distinctness from England while, at the same time, experiencing fragmentation within Starting in the 1660s, the English began to colonize the Middle Atlantic region in North America
the colonies themselves. and build economies based on trade and societies built generally on religious and ethnic tolerance.
2.8 This time period offers opportunities for comparison between the different regions of British North Throughout the late seventeenth and early eighteenth centuries, the colonies of the southern
Comparison in America, between the various European powers that vied for control of North America, among Atlantic coast and the British West Indies developed plantation societies that depended on the
labor of enslaved Africans to harvest crops such as rice and sugar for export.
Period 2 native nations and European colonizers, and between Africans in the Western Hemisphere, both
enslaved and free, and the European colonists. 2.4 Work, Exchange, and Technology
Support and • Practice thinking and writing historically in each module. Transatlantic Trade During the eighteenth century, the Atlantic economy became increasingly complex, leading
Practice • See the Period Review of key concepts, events, people, and dates after the last module. to increasing attempts by European powers to impose trade policies advantageous to home
• Try the AP ® Exam Practice at the end of the period. countries. These trade policies shaped the lives of colonial subjects in North America.
2.5 America in the World
Interactions Starting in the seventeenth century, British North American colonists were pulled into a series
between American of conflicts with other European colonists and their Native American allies as European nations
Indians and increasingly sought control over the Western Hemisphere.
55 Europeans
2.6 Work, Exchange, and Technology ■ Social Structures
Slavery in the Slavery shaped the economy and society of British North America. While slavery was more
British Colonies prevalent in the southern colonies, its existence in the middle and northern colonies proved
significant as well. Despite often harsh living conditions, enslaved Africans and African Americans
found overt and covert ways to rebel against slavery and maintain their families and culture.
2.7 American and Regional Culture ■ American and National Identity
Colonial Society Inspired by religious movements and new political ideologies, British North Americans developed
and Culture a sense of distinctness from England while, at the same time, experiencing fragmentation within
the colonies themselves.
2.8 This time period offers opportunities for comparison between the different regions of British North
01_foan2e_48442_fm_i_xliii.indd 33 Comparison in America, between the various European powers that vied for control of North America, among
12/09/23 5:00 PM
Period 2 native nations and European colonizers, and between Africans in the Western Hemisphere, both
enslaved and free, and the European colonists.
Support and • Practice thinking and writing historically in each module.
Practice • See the Period Review of key concepts, events, people, and dates after the last module.
• Try the AP ® Exam Practice at the end of the period.
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