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MODULE 2.7 Colonial Society and Culture 127
xxxiv Fabric of a Nation: What’s Inside This Second Edition
protest. These episodes of dissent and protest were widely scattered across time and
place. But as the ideas circulated by New Light clergy and Enlightenment thinkers con-
verged with changing political relations, resistance to established authority became
Module Features Deepen Understanding 75
MODULE 2.3a
The Regions of British Colonies
more frequent and more collective.
Protests against colonial elites multiplied after the 1730s. A lack of access to rea-
and Encourage Historical Analysis Indentured Servants and
sonably priced food, especially bread, inspired regular protests in the eighteenth cen -
2.5
tury. During the 1730s, the price of bread — a staple in colonial diets — rose despite Enslaved People in Six
2.0
falling wheat prices and a recession in seaport cities. Bread rioters attacked grain ware- Maryland Counties (1662–
houses, bakeries, and shops, demanding more bread at lower prices. In New England, 1717) Although based on a
Thousands
such uprisings were often led by women, who were responsible for putting bread on the study of estate inventories
NEW The Focus feature is a brief
1.5
Copyright (c) 2024 Bedford, Freeman & Worth Publishers.
table. When grievances involved domestic or consumer issues, women felt they had the from six Maryland counties,
introduction at the start of each this chart illustrates a
right to make their voices heard, a right reinforced by New Light clergy’s insistence on
1.0
The Eighteenth-Century
MODULE
dramatic shift in the
module to help students approach British North America, where colonists settled as families and created towns that provided key Worth Publishers.
their moral obligations to society.
2.4
Chesapeake labor force
being pressed into military service, while colonial officials worried about labor short-NOT FOR REDISTRIBUTION.
0.5
Public markets were another site where struggles over food led to collective protests.
the module’s narrative the way a Atlantic Economy 93
between 1662 and 1717.
In 1737, for instance, Boston officials decided to construct a public market and charge MODULE 2.3b The Regions of British Colonies
historian would. They are designed to What does the trend
0.0
fees to farmers who sold their goods there. Many Bostonians opposed the move because it
1690
1680
1660
1670
would lessen competition and raise prices for consumers, many farmers could not afford
promote active reading and prompt 1700 1710 1720 shown here suggest about
the nature and conditions of
often cared for apprentices, journeymen, and laborers as well as their own children. Hus-
FOCUS
Year
the fee, and those that could would raise prices to offset the extra expense. After their
Indentured servants U.S.
critical thinking about key AP ® Enslaved people labor on Chesapeake farms?
bands, meanwhile, labored alongside their subordinates and represented their families’
petitions were ignored by city officials, protesters demolished the market building and
During the eighteenth century, the combined forces of global trade and international warfare
These sample pages are distributed by Bedford, Freeman &
interests to the larger community. Both spouses were expected to model godliness and to
stalls in the middle of the night. Local authorities could find no witnesses to the crime.
History developments. Each Focus altered the political and economic calculations of imperial powers. This was especially true for
encourage prayer and regular church attendance among household members.
Access to land was also a critical issue in the colonies. Beginning in the 1740s, pro-ov-
was related to Berkeley by marriage, but that did not stop him from defying the g
markets for Britain’s commercial expansion. Over the course of the century, British colonists
feature also asks students to consider
HEW_9462_03_F02 Indentured Servants and Slaves
became increasingly avid consumers of products from around the world. Meanwhile, the king and
The way of life of rural Puritans closely resembled the ways most land-owning, but not
ernor’s authority and raising an army to attack American Indians across the colony.
tests erupted on estates in New Jersey and along the Hudson River in New York over the
First proof
Parliament sought greater control over these far-flung commercial networks.
how the targeted historical reasoning
plantation-owning, farming families lived in all the colonies. On farms, where the majority
leasing policies of landlords as well as the amount of land controlled by speculators.
Bacon’s Rebellion had begun. As you read this module, think about the effects of the economic and political developments
Bacon’s Rebellion
you encounter, and be sure to consider the reasons why they occurred. In other words, why did a
Here, again, when tenants and squatters petitioned colonial officials and received no
of Puritans lived, women and men played crucial if distinct roles. In general, wives and
®
Frontier farmers formed an important part of Bacon’s coalition, but affluent planters An uprising in Virginia led
process from the AP Course
particular development lead to the results that followed? Think about the ways important effects
response, they took collective action. They formed associations, targeted specific land-
daughters labored inside the home as well as in the surrounding yard with its kitchen gar-
who had been left out of Berkeley’s inner circle also joined Bacon in hopes of gaining access by Nathaniel Bacon in 1676.
led, in turn, to subsequent effects.
Framework ties into the content of
lords, and then burned barns, attacked livestock, and emptied houses and farm build-
den, milk house, chicken coop, dairy, or washhouse. Husbands and sons worked the fields,
to power and profits, as did bound laborers, Black and white, who assumed that anyone Bacon and his followers
ings of furniture and tools. Embracing Enlightenment ideas of “natural law,” they also
the module.

kept the livestock, and managed the orchards. Some families in all the colonies supple-
who opposed the governor was on their side. Bacon’s gathering forces included free, inden- were upset by the Virginia
established regional committees to hear grievances and formed “popular” militia com-
governor’s unwillingness to
Colonial Traders Join
mented their own family labor with that of indentured servants, hired field hands, or, even
tured, and enslaved Black people rebelling for greater freedoms and opportunities. send troops to intervene in
Global Networks
panies and courts to dispense justice to uncooperative land owners.
In the summer of 1676, Governor Berkeley declared Bacon guilty of treason. impressment
in New England, a small number of enslaved Africans or African Americans. Most families
conflicts between settlers
In seaport cities, a frequent source of conflict was the impressment of colonial
In the late seventeenth and early eighteenth centuries, trade became truly global. Not only
Rather than waiting to be captured, Bacon led his army toward Jamestown. Berkeley or sausage with neigh-
exchanged surplus crops and manufactured goods such as cloth
and American Indians and by
did goods from China, India, the Middle East, Africa, and North America become desirable
The forced enlistment of
men who were seized and forcibly drafted into service in the Royal Navy. Impressment
in England and the rest of Europe, but the tastes of European consumers also helped shape
the lack of representation of
bors. Some sold at market, creating an economic network of small producers.
grew increasingly common as King William’s War was followed by Queen Anne’s War, ke -
then arranged a hastily called election to undercut the rebellion. Even though Ber civilians into the army or
goods produced in other parts of the world. For instance, by the early eighteenth century,
western settlers in the House
the Chinese manufactured porcelain teapots and bowls specifically for the English market.
Indeed, in the late seventeenth and early eighteenth centuries, many farm families in
only to be followed by King George’s War. Impressment was viewed as a sign of the cor-
ley had barred men without property from voting, Bacon’s supporters won control of navy. The impressment of
Similarly, European tastes shaped the trade in cloth, tea, tobacco, and sugar.
residents of colonial seaports
long-settled areas participated in a household mode of production. Men lent each other
The exploitation of enslaved African laborers also contributed significantly to this
rupt practices of imperial authorities, and resistance to it energized diverse groups of
the House of Burgesses, and his movement gained new followers. These included “news of Burgesses.
into the British navy was a
global commerce. They were considered a crucial item of trade in their own right, and
A running glossary across the entire
colonists. Sailors, dockworkers, and men drinking at taverns along the shore feared
Strictly for use with its products.
tools and draft animals and shared grazing land, while women ga
wives,” lower-class women who spread information (and rumors) about oppressive con-thered to spin, sew, and
their labor in the Americas ensured steady supplies of sugar, rice, tobacco, and indigo
major source of complaint in
for the world market.
quilt. Individuals with special skills like midwifery or blacksmithing assisted neighbors,
book helps track the most important
ditions to aid the rebels. As Bacon and his followers marched across Virginia, his men the eighteenth century.
By the early eighteenth century, both the volume and the diversity of goods mul-
ages. Those officials petitioned the British government to stop impressment, but work-
tiplied. Silk, calico, porcelain, and other items were carried from the East to Europe
adding farm produce or credit to the family ledger. One woman’s cheese might be bartered
plundered the plantations of Berkeley and his supporters. In September, they reached
concepts and events in each module,
and the American colonies. The colonies filled returning ships with cod, mackerel,
ingmen who faced the navy’s high mortality rates, bad food, rampant disease, and
shingles, pine boards, barrel staves, rum, sugar, rice, and tobacco. A lively trade also
for another woman’s jam. A family that owned the necessary equipment might brew bar-
Jamestown after the governor and his administration fled across Chesapeake Bay. The
grew up within North America as New England fishermen, New York and Charleston
harsh discipline also took action on their own behalf. Asserting their growing sense of
with definitions visible at a glance to
merchants, and Caribbean planters met one another’s needs. Salted cod and mackerel
ley and malt into beer, while a neighbor with a loom would turn thread into cloth.
rebels burned the capital to the ground, victory seemingly theirs.
political liberty, they fought back against both colonial and British authorities.
flowed to the Caribbean, and rum, molasses, and enslaved people flowed back to the
help contextualize the book’s historical
The system of exchange, managed largely through barter, allowed individual
Only a month later, however, Bacon died of dysentery, and the movement he formed
mainland. This commerce required ships, barrels, docks, warehouses, and wharves, all
In 1747 in Boston, a general impressment during King George’s War led to three
of which ensured a lively trade in naval stores such as lumber, tar, pitch, rope, and rosin.
households to function even as they became more specialized in what they produced.
narrative, illustrations, primary sources,
unraveled. Governor Berkeley, using reinforcements brought by the English navy, quickly
days of rioting. An observer noted that “Negros, servants, and hundreds of seamen
A flow of information was critical to the flow of goods and credit. During this time,
coffeehouses flourished in port cities around the Atlantic, providing access to the latest
Whatever cash was obtained could be used to buy sugar, tea, and other imported goods.
seized a naval lieutenant, assaulted a sheriff, and put his deputy in stocks, surrounded
reclaimed power. He hanged twenty-three rebel leaders and urged his followers to plunder
and skill workshops. Even more terms
news. Merchants, ship captains, and traders met in person to discuss new ventures and
to learn of recent developments. British and American newspapers reported on parlia-
the governor’s house, and stormed the Town House (city hall).” Such riots did not end
New England colonial mothers combined childbearing and child rearing with a
the estates of planters who had supported Bacon. But he could not undo the damage to
mentary legislation, commodity prices in India and Great Britain, the state of trading
are defined in a full glossary at the back
the system of impressment, but they showed that many colonists now refused to be
great deal of other work. While some affluent families could afford wet nurses and nan-
American Indian relations on the Virginia frontier. Bacon’s army had killed or enslaved 99
deprived of what they considered their natural rights.
of the book.
nies, most women fended for themselves or hired temporary help for particular tasks.
hundreds of once-friendly American Indians and left behind a tragic, bitter legacy.
The religious upheavals and economic uncertainties of the 1730s and 1740s led
Puritan mothers in New England with babies on the hip and children under foot hauled
An even more important consequence of the rebellion was that wealthy planters
colonists to challenge colonial and British officials more often than in earlier decades
water, fed chickens, collected eggs, picked vegetables, prepared meals, spun thread, and
and investors realized the depth of frustration among poor whites who were willing to
and to justify their actions in evangelical or Enlightenment terms. Still, most protests
manufactured soap and candles. In this way, they shared common experiences with the
make common cause with their Black counterparts. Having regained power, the planter
also accentuated class lines as small farmers, craftsmen, and the poor fought against
rural women of every other British North American colony.
elite worked to crush any such interracial alliance. Virginia legislators began to improve
merchants, landowners, and local officials. However, the resistance to impressment
the conditions and rights of poor white settlers while imposing new restrictions on Black
proved that colonists could mobilize across economic differences when British policies
people. At nearly the same time, in an effort to meet the growing demand for labor in
REVIEW
affected diverse groups of colonial subjects.
the West Indies and the Chesapeake, King Charles II chartered the Royal African Com-
■ How did Puritan society change between 1630 and 1700?
pany in 1672 to transport enslaved Africans to North America. Thus, the march toward
■
full-blown racial slavery in the English colonies began as enslaved labor quickly replaced
■ What aspects of Puritan society remained the same between 1630 and
■
indentured servitude in the plantation colonies.
1700?
REVIEW
The Middle Colonies
■ How did Nathaniel Bacon justify his rebellion? Review Questions within the modules provide
■ What were the results of his rebellion? spots to pause and check understanding. They
The most important developments of the middle colonies occurred in the context of the
also offer opportunities to make connections
restoration of the English monarchy in 1660, when English kings began granting North
and consider how to apply the thinking skills
American land to men loyal to the crown. These land grants served both as rewards for ®
and reasoning processes of the AP course to
the nobles who had secured the monarchy for Charles II and also as part of a larger
each short section of text.
quest to build a North American empire that would produce vast wealth for the monar-
chy and English nation-state. During his reign, Charles II appointed English gentlemen
as the proprietors of a string of colonies stretching from Carolina to New York.
The middle colonies grew in the coastal lands the British seized from the Nether-
lands in the 1660s, sandwiched between Maryland and the Puritan New England
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