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PERIOD 2 Colonial America amid Global Change: 1607–1754
Colony: Maryland
By the 1630s, despite ongoing conflicts with American Indians, Virginia was well on its
94
Colonial America amid Global Change: 1607–1754
PERIOD 2
way to bringing England commercial success. In 1632, King Charles I (reigned 1625–
1649) established the colony of Maryland. Taken together, Maryland and Virginia
colonies. The English monarchy, first under the rule of Charles II and later under his
MODULE 2.2
formed the Chesapeake region of the English empire during the seventeenth century.
brother King James II, aggressively conquered, chartered, populated, and developed the
In the expanding tobacco economies that developed in the region, the most successful
middle colonies in less than twenty years, setting in place patterns that persisted long
Accompanied by several dozen men armed with guns, Champlain joined a Huron
after the Glorious Revolution halted James’s reign in 1688.
planters used indentured servants for labor, including some Africans as well as thou-
sands of English and Irish immigrants. Between 1640 and 1670, some 40,000 to
ing a Huron victory, the French made the Huron people a powerful ally—but the battle
50,000 of these migrants settled in Virginia and neighboring Maryland.
Act of Religious Toleration
Colonies Develop in New York and
also fueled lasting bitterness with the Haudenosaunee.
In founding Maryland, King Charles I granted most of the territory north of Ches-
Act passed in 1649 by
apeake Bay to English nobleman Cecilius Calvert and appointed him Lord Baltimore,
Trade relations flourished between the French and their American Indian allies
New Jersey
the Maryland Assembly
during the seventeenth century. Fur traders, who journeyed throughout the St. Lawrence
giving him and his descendants the power to govern the new colony. Calvert’s family,
granting religious freedom
After the English grabbed control of New Amsterdam from the Dutch in 1664, they
River valley in eastern Canada with the aid of the Huron, were critical to sustaining
to all Christians, including
unlike most English people, remained Catholic after the Church of England was founded
Catholics.
renamed it New York, appointing King Charles’s brother James, whose title at the
in 1534. Because of the persecution he and fellow Catholics had endured in the century
the French presence and warding off intrusion by the English — especially because
time was the Duke of York, to rule it. Later in 1664, the Duke of York divided the
relatively few French men and even fewer French women settled in North America
since, he planned to create Maryland as a refuge of (relative) religious toleration, where
English Civil War
territory and granted a colony to Sir George Carteret, which eventually became the
during this period. French government policies discouraged mass migration, and
Catholics and Protestants could worship in peace.
Conflict (1642–1651) between
Middle Colony of New Jersey. English rule for the next twenty-four years imposed
Appointing his brother as governor, he carefully prepared for the first settlement by
peasants were concerned by reports of short growing seasons and severe winters in
parliamentary forces and the The Second Chesapeake raid on the Haudenosaunee (Iroquois), who resided south of the Great Lakes. By ensur- European Colonization 57
little change upon Dutch colonists in the Hudson River valley, who numbered fewer
king of England over Charles recruiting artisans and farmers (mainly Protestant) as well as wealthy merchants and than 10,000.
Canada.
I’s attempt to rule without aristocrats (mostly Catholic) to settle the colony. Although conflict continued to fester The Glorious Revolution also resulted in a class revolt in New York called Leisler’s
Also, while French policy urged Catholic priests and nuns to migrate to the new world,
Parliament. Culminated in French Protestants, known as Huguenots, were barred from doing the same. Thus, into Huguenot
Leisler’s Rebellion
Rebellion. When news arrived of the Glorious Revolution in 1689, a German-born mer-
the execution of Charles I between members of the small set of Catholic elite and the Protestant majority, Gover- A class revolt in New York in chant named Jacob Leisler led a faction that rallied against the centralized rule and taxes
the 1630s, what few permanent French settlements existed in North America were popu-
A French Protestant who
and the establishment of the nor Calvert convinced the Maryland assembly to pass the Act of Religious Toleration 1689 led by merchant Jacob that had been levied under James II, overthrowing the royal authorities appointed to run
subscribed to the theology of
Commonwealth under Lord in 1649, granting religious freedom to all Christians. lated mostly by fishermen, fur traders, and Catholic missionaries. New York by the deposed king. Once in power, Leisler favored middle- and lower-class col-
Leisler. Urban artisans and
John Calvin. Huguenots were
Protector Oliver Cromwell, The history of religious toleration in Maryland and its status as a haven for Catho- landless renters rebelled onists with government positions and often sided with tenants in disputes against their
In their ongoing search for new sources of furs, the French established a fortified
leader of Parliament’s forces. lics roughly mirrored the political and religious landscape back in England during the against new taxes and landlords. persecuted by the French
trading post at Montreal in 1643, and over the next three decades they continued to
crown, which considered
centralized rule.
Cromwell ruled as lord mid- seventeenth century. In 1642, disagreements over whether a king could rule with- Fabric of a Nation: What’s Inside This Second Edition xxxv
xxxv
push farther west into the Great Lakes. But in doing so, the French carried European
Leisler’s time in power was, however, brief. As royally appointed representatives of
protector until his death in diseases into new areas, ignited warfare among more native groups, and stretched their Catholicism the official faith
King William and Mary arrived to govern New York in 1691, they sided with the elites
of the kingdom.
1658. Charles I’s son, out consent of his Parliament erupted in violence, and the English Civil War began. who had opposed Leisler. He was put on trial and executed later that year for leading a
always-small population of settlers ever thinner.
Charles II, was restored as King Charles I was executed in 1649, and a parliamentary leader named Oliver Crom- revolt against royal authority. The legacy of his rebellion, however, would live on. Class
king in 1660. well came to power as the war drew to its close in 1651, when Charles I’s son, Charles
issues surrounding access to land would remain a critical issue in the middle colonies,
and social unrest would persist into the 1740s, when protests echoing issues central to
Wealth Inequality in Northern 100
St. Marys Cities, 1690–1775 During
These sample pages are distributed by Bedford, Freeman & Worth Publishers.
(1634) the eighteenth century, the 90
FALL LINE 62 much faster than that of 80
wealth of merchants rose
MODULE 2.4 The Eighteenth-Century Atlantic Economy 101 PERIOD 2 Colonial America amid Global Change: 1607–1754
artisans and laborers.
G
VIR
VIRGINIA Rappahannock R. What factors led to the 70
Richmond AT L ANTI C changes depicted in the
(1644)
Chesapeake Bay
Ja J J m O CEAN graph? 60
James R.
N York R. Share of total taxable wealth (percentage) 50
Jamestown
While France’s mercantile system was limited by the size of its empire, England ben- (1607) Settled by 1650 Share of total taxable wealth (per
Copyright (c) 2024 Bedford, Freeman & Worth Publishers.
W E English settlement 40
efited more fully from such policies. The English crown had access to a far wider ar Sray of English fort Data from Gary B. Nash, The Urban Crucible: Social Change, Political Consciousness, and the Origins
0 25 50 miles American Indian 30
natural resources from which to manufacture goods. In 1651, under Oliver Cromwell, village 20 of the American Revolution (Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1979).
50 kilometers
0
25
Strictly for use with its products. NOT FOR REDISTRIBUTION.
Parliament passed the first Navigation Act, which King Charles II renewed in 1660 after 10
MAP 2.2 The Growth of English Settlement in the Chesapeake (c. 1650) With the
HEW_9462_02_M01 Growth of English Settlements
the restoration. success of tobacco, English plantations and forts spread along the James River and
First proof
north to St. Mary’s. By 1650 most Chesapeake tribes had been conquered or forced 1690 1730 1775
to move north and west. The fall line, a geological zone with waterfalls and rapids
Over the next three decades, Parliament passed a series of Navigation Acts that Navigation Acts Year
that marked the limit of navigable waterways, kept English settlements close to the
required merchants to conduct trade with English colonies in English-owned ships. In Acts passed by Parliament Wealthiest 10 percent of residents
Atlantic coast but also ensured easy shipment of goods.
Next wealthiest 30 percent
What geographic factors determined the location of the English settlements on
addition, certain items imported from foreign ports had to be carried in English ships or in in the 1650s and 1660s MPI/Archive Photos/Getty Images Poorest 60 percent
this map?
ships with predominantly English crews. Finally, a list of “enumerated articles”— including that prohibited smuggling, HEW_9462_04_F01 Wealth Inequality in Northern Cities
First proof
tobacco, cotton, sugar, and indigo—had to be shipped from the colonies to England before established guidelines for
legal commerce, and set
being re-exported to foreign ports. Thus, the crown benefited directly and indirectly from duties on trade items. Ambush of the Villasur Expedition, (c. 1720) An unknown artist painted this battle scene
on buffalo hide. In 1720, Spanish soldiers and Pueblo warriors tried to expel the French
nearly all commerce conducted by its colonies. While colonies were hurt by these limitations from the lower Mississippi Valley. Instead, French soldiers and their American Indian
allies ambushed the expedition and killed forty-five men.
on their trade, they also sometimes benefited, such as when Parliament helped subsidize the What conclusions can you draw about the future of conflict in North America from
development of indigo in South Carolina. this image?
AP ® WORKING with EVIDENCE Visuals for analysis: Learning history means examining sources in many
forms. From stimulus-based multiple-choice questions to Short-Answer and
Source: British Parliament, Navigation Act, 1660 Document-Based Questions, visual sources are an important part of the AP ® age fotostock/Superstock
U.S. History Exam, and a major challenge for students to analyze. To support
“Be it enacted, etc., that no commodity of the growth, production, or
manufacture of Europe, shall be imported into any . . . colony, territory, learning and building skills, Fabric of a Nation provides a robust caption and
San Esteban del Rey Mission Opened in 1644, this Spanish mission in present-day New Mexico
taught Christianity and Hispanic customs to the Acoma (Pueblo) people. Spanish missionaries
or place, to his Majesty belonging . . . in Asia, Africa, or America . . ., but an analytical question for every image in the book, asking students to draw
prohibited traditional Pueblo practices such as performing dances and wearing masks. The
which shall be . . . shipped in England . . . in English-built shipping . . .; and on their historical knowledge to analyze and respond.
whereof . . . three fourths of the mariners, at least, are English, and which mission was one of the few to survive Pueblo revolts in the late seventeenth century.
shall be carried directly thence to the said . . . colonies . . . and from no In what ways was the San Esteban del Rey Mission representative of the Spanish
other place or places whatsoever; . . . under the penalty of the loss of all relationship with the Pueblo peoples?
such commodities. . . .” Despite the Spanish reconquest, the Pueblo Revolt limited Spanish expansion in
AP EXAM TIP
®
Questions for Analysis the long run by strengthening other indigenous peoples in the region. In the after -
The Pueblo Revolt is a
1. Identify the rules that regulated exports to the colonies. specific event you should math of the revolt, some Pueblo refugees moved north and taught the Navajo how
®
2. Describe the penalties for merchants who broke these rules. know for the AP Exam. to grow corn, raise sheep, and ride horses. Through trading with the Navajo and
3. Explain the reasons governing authorities in England could have used to justify the Explain how this historical raiding Spanish settlements during the early eighteenth century, the Ute, Shoshone,
Navigation Acts. example can be used to and Comanche peoples also gained access to horses. By the 1730s, the Comanche
describe changes in the launched mounted bison hunts and raids on other American Indian nations. They
Spanish colonial system traded with the Spanish by exchanging American Indian captives for Spanish enslave-
during the late seventeenth ment in return for more horses and guns. Thus, the Pueblo provided other indigenous
In 1663, Parliament expanded its imperial reach through additional Navi- AP EXAM TIP century.
®
gation Acts, which required that goods sent from Europe to English colonies also nations with the means to support larger populations, wider commercial networks,
pass through British ports. And a decade later, ship captains had to pay a duty or Mercantilism and the and more warriors, allowing them to continue to contest Spanish rule.
In response to early eighteenth-century French settlements in the lower Mississippi
post bond before carrying enumerated articles between colonial ports. These acts development of an Atlantic AP Exam Tips in the margins of the book offer a
®
economy are required in
valley, Spain also sought to reinforce its claims to Texas, named for the Tejas Indians,
ensured not only greater British control over shipping but also additional revenue the AP Course and Exam boost where it matters most, with the inside track th American empire. Here, Spain established
®
along the northeastern frontier of its Nor
for the crown, as captains paid duties in West Indies, mainland North American, Description. The concepts, missions and forts along the route from San Juan Bautista to the border of present-day
and British ports. Beginning in 1673, England sent customs officials to the colonies which overlap, are often used on the major historical events and concepts you
Louisiana. Although small and scattered, these outposts were meant to ensure Spain’s
to enforce the various parliamentary acts. By 1680, London, Bristol, and Liverpool as the main topics in long ® can expect to see on the exam. These tips also
claim to Texas. But the presence of large and powerful American Indian nations, includ-
all thrived as barrels of sugar and tobacco and stacks of deer and beaver skins were essay questions on the AP offer memorable and active on-the-spot advice
ing the Caddo and the Apache, forced the small number of Spanish residents to accept
Exam. Be able to give in-depth
unloaded and bolts of dyed cloth and cases of metal tools and guns were put on definitions for each, and try for making connections between ideas.
many native customs to maintain their presence in the region.
board for the return voyage. to describe how these two
As mechanization and manufacturing expanded in England, Parliament sought to developments shaped each
keep the profits at home by suppressing the growth of industry in the colonies. It thus pro- other. REVIEW
hibited the sale of products such as American-made textiles (1699), hats (1732), and iron ■ How did the French and Dutch colonies in North America differ from the
goods (1750). In addition, Parliament worked to restrict trade among the North Ameri- ■
can colonies, especially between those on the mainland and in the West Indies. Spanish colonies to the south?
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