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policies aiming to boost fertility rates by offering
TERMS TO KNOW . . . financial incentives and long maternity leaves. We will

gender roles: Culturally specific notions of what it discuss these policies in Module 12.
means to be a man or woman
crude death rate (CDR): The number of deaths per year 9-3 How do we measure death rates?
per 1000 people

There are two common measures of death rates. One
is the crude death rate, and the other is the infant
mortality rate.
and Islam ban artificial birth control. The Bible tells Chris-
tians to “be fruitful and multiply.” Confucianism, which
has profoundly influenced cultures and values in China Crude Death Rate (CDR)
and other East Asian and Southeast Asian countries, or Mortality Rate
favors large families. It sees multiple generations living
under the same roof as the familial ideal. In countries with Death happens as a natural part of the life cycle. World-
these religious and cultural influences, women may bear wide, 109 people die every minute; 24 of those deaths
more children than they would otherwise, hence elevating occur in the wealthy countries, 85 in poor countries. The
those countries’ fertility rates. But a higher fertility rate is crude death rate (CDR) measures the number of deaths
not guaranteed. For example, Italy and Spain are Catho- per year per 1000 people. Figure 9.5 shows crude death
lic countries, but both have a TFR of only 1.3, lower than rates by country.
many non-Catholic developed countries. In fact, both Italy
and Spain are experiencing population decline.

p
AP® Exam
AP® Exam Tip
Ti
Education Be prepared to use data analysis skills on the exam with
Education, particularly women’s education levels and population pyramids, graphs, and maps. Data found within
whether they work outside the home, affects fertility these figures have great explanatory power!
negatively. That is, women who are more educated and
employed in paid jobs tend to have fewer children and
smaller families. Education creates opportunities for To calculate the crude death rate, we divide the
women, which generally leads to smaller family sizes total number of deaths in a country (or subnational
(“more books, fewer babies”). unit) in a particular year by its total mid-year popula-
tion. We then multiply by 1000. For example, if a coun-
Gender Roles try with a population of 1 million people on June 30,
2019, recorded 8000 deaths in that year, then its crude
Gender roles — culturally specific notions of what it death rate is
means to be a man or woman — are closely tied to how
many children are born. In many cultures, women are (8000 ÷ 1,000,000) × 1000 = 8 per 1000 people
considered more feminine when they produce many This calculation is “crude” because it relates death to
offspring. Similarly, men are seen as more masculine the entire population without distinguishing between
when they father many children. These gender roles younger people and older people. Generally speaking,
may affect family size expectations. The CBR will be older people are much more likely to die than younger
higher in cultures that value large families. people. In addition, comparisons of CDRs between coun-

Population Policies tries are meaningful only when the populations of those
countries are very similarly structured.
Government policies can also affect fertility rates. Some CDR varies with a population’s age-sex structure
government policies try to curtail population growth; and its level of economic development. For example,
for example, China’s low TFR (1.8) is mainly a result of developed countries have high standards of living and
the strict birth control policies the country has adopted good health care. The risk of death at young age is low,
since the 1970s. Other governments are implementing and people enjoy the likelihood of living a long life.

40 Unit 2 Population and Migration Patterns and Process
©2021 BFW Publishers. Sample material is NOT FINAL and corrections will be made prior to publication.

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